LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



DDDD3bl0a71 




Class. 



Book. 



FIRST 

LESSONS IN LATIN: 

A SERIES OF EXERCISES 

ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETICAL, 

iN LATIN SYiNTAX; 

DESIGNED AS AX INTRODUCTION- TO 

ROSS' LATIN GRAMMAR, 

BUT SUITED TO ANY OTHER GRAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE. 



BY N. C. BROOKS, A. M. 

Professor of the Latin and G-reek Languages, 
and Principal of the High School, Baltimore, Md 



SECOND EDITION. 



PHILADELPHIA! 

THOMAS, COWPERTHWAIT & CO. 
1846. 



■fK'2 



b«1 



Entered, according to Act of CorigresSj in the year 1845, by 

Nathan Covington Brooks, 

In the Clerk's Office ot the District Court of Maryland. 



STEREOTYPED 
AT THE 
BALTIMORE TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRT. 



TO 

THE REV.R. H. BALL, A.M. 

THIS LITTLE VOLUME 

3Js respectfully inscrii)etr 

AS A TRIBUTE TO TALENTS, PIETY AND FRIENDSHIP. 



PREFACE. 



Boys are generally required to spend several months in com- 
mitting: the Latin Grammar, before attempting to read or parse. 
Bj'' this injudicious course, the learner is wearied with the te- 
dious exercise of committing innumerable rules, w^hich the 
memory retains with difficulty, because no application of them 
is made, to call into action the other powers of the mind, or 
break the dull monotony of study. 

The following work contains all the leading principles of the 
Grammar, illustrated by a regular series of inductive exercises, 
calculated to impress them indelibly upon the memory of the 
learner. The lessons are so arranged, that he is continually re- 
quired to exercise his judgment, as well as his memory ; and as 
he is made familiar with one subject before he begins another, 
his progress is rendered easy and pleasing. 

Exemplifying the different portions of the Grammar, are exer- 
cises both of the analysis and the construction of Latin sentences, 
that the student, at an early period, may acquire the habit of 
writing and speaking the language. 

The sentences introduced, propose the same end, by furnish- 
ing him with such words as he will have occasion for in familiar 
use. Many of the sentences embrace facts in our national his- 
tory which will be interesting to the student, while they incul- 
cate virtue and patriotism. 

The exercises on the forms of construction will give him a 
good idea of the structure of the language and will greatly 
facilitate his subsequent labors. In the use of the work, the 
teacher will judiciously adapt the lessons to the capacity of the 
learner, by requiring him to read and parse, the first or the second 
order of the lessons, or both — entire, or in part, as he may deem 
expedient. 

As this work has been prepared at the request of many who 
have adopted my revised edition of Ross' Grammar, I hope it 
may equal their expectations. 

This volume will thoroughly prepare the student to read the 
HiSTORiA Sacra, which I would recommend as a text- book on 
account of its attractive simplicity, as well as the sacred fount 
from which it is derived. 

Baltimore High School,) Tvr ^ Tjoomrc 

Apnl 2lsU 1845. 5 ^' ^- ^i^-C^O^S. 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 



Pennsylvania College, October ^th, 1S45. 
Dear Sir: — I am very much pleased with the "Latin Lessons.''^ It is just 
such a book as I have long felt anxious to place in the hands of those commencing 
the study of Latin. In a late conversation with Professor Eggers, a graduate 
of the University of Gottingen, he informed me that such a Latin Grammar as 
your First Lessons, was the book there first put into the hands of beginners. I 
had some idea of sending to Germany for the Grammar which he mentioned, as 
the basis of a similar work for our American youth ; but as your book is just such a 
one as 1 wanted, I shall most cordially recommend it to all teachers of the Latin 
Language. 

Many things in your First Lessons have struck me very favorably. Its brevity 

and plainness, its freshness and its American tone all combine to make it the very 

book which our tyros need to initiate them into this science. I venture to prophesy 

your full success in this enterprise, and herewith offer you my congratulations upon it. 

Yours, respectfully, 

W. M. REYNOLDS, A. M. 
Professor ofJlncient Languages. 

Dear Sir : — Having carefully examined Ross' Latin Grammar, as revised and 
amended by you, Ifindit every way equal, if not superior, to any used in our 
schools. After a thorough perusal of your Latin Lessons, I take pleasure in 
acknowledging that never, even in my "father-land," have I seen a book better 
calculated to facilitate the study of the Latin Language. It should be in the 
hands of every beginner. Moreover, the many sentences it contains, embracing 
facts in the history of my adopted country, must make it interesting, not only to 
the student, but dear to every patriotic heart. 

Yours, respectfully, 

A. FREITAG, LL. D., 
Of the University of Gottingen, 

now Professor of Languages, Baltimore. 

Union Hall Academy, Baltimore, Aug. Q2d, 1845, 
Professor JV. C, Brooks : 

Immediately after the publication of your " Latin Lessons," I placed the work 
in the hands of a class just commencing the study of the language, and am highly 
gratified with their progress. 

Having examined the work carefully and critically, I take sincere pleasure in 
recommending it as being decidedly superior to any thing of the kind extant. 
Very respectfully. Yours, &c., 

THOMAS HENDERSON, A. M. 

*• Brooks^ Latin Lessons. — This neat little volume contains the essential parts 
of the Latin Grammar, with Reading Lessons and a Dictionary, and will enable a 
youth of moderate abilities to obtain a knowledge of the principles of the Latin 
tongue, without the aid of an instructor, or the expense of other books. First 
Lessons in Greek, by the same author, on the same plan, are in a state of for- 
wardness."— l^iZei/ and Putnam's J^ews- letter. 
1* 



VI RECOMMENDATIONS. 

** Brooks' Latin Lessons. — There are many things in this compilation of 
Professor Brooks, which will commend it to the attention of teachers. It is 
eminently practiciil. The scholar is furnished with the means of forming simple 
sentences, and of turning his knowledge to account as soon as he has learned the 
first declension. He begins, in fact, to make Latin the very day he begins to 
study it. This is as it should be. It relieves the study of much of its irksome- 
ness, it insures a thorough understanding of the rules; and besides, it tends to foster 
a practical turn of mind, which is useful in every department of study and life." — 
Philadelphia Pennsylvanian. 

*'Mr. Brooks, one of the very best classical scholars in this country, has, in this 
edition of Ross, effected some important improvements. The Prosody of Ross is 
entirely remodelled, and for this portion of his labour, Mr. Brooks is entitled to 
very especial credit. His work, upon the whole, is one of high value, and we are 
happy to hear of its general introduction into schools. Of the Latin Lessons, we 
spoke in a previous number. They are admirably adapted to their purpose." — 
BroadKay, JV. Y. Journal. 

"Brooks^ Latin Lessons. — The book under notice affords evidence that it is the 
work of a well-trained mind, fully imbued with the knowledge it would commu- 
nicate ; and it is, without doubt, the result of laborious practice in the art of 
teaching. Based upon the inductive system, it begins with the simplest forms of the 
language, in their connection with the Grammar, and leads the learner on through 
such easy gradations, that what he studies becomes a part of his whole mind rather 
than the especial property of his memory. So striking is this peculiarity, that a lad 
of ordinary abilities might become proficient almost, without the aid of a master." 
— Baltimore Patriot. 

** The work is valuable to beginners, and no one who desires to become ac- 
quainted with the majestic, rich, and copious language of a Tully, a Tacitus, 
or a Virgil, should be without it." — The Ray, devoted to Education. 

''Brooks' Latin Lessons.— The work evinces great care in its preparation on the 
part of its distinguished author, its arrangement being perspicuous, and its details 
ample, and critically accurate. But its leading peculiarity, and that which should 
render it an especial favorite in our schools, is its purely American character. It is 
altogether unequalled by anything of the kind extant in our couniry.''— Baltimore 
Clipper. 

"Brooks' Latin Lessons.— The amiable and able author of the above-mentioned 
work, is an accomplished scholar. But lately, he supplied the schools with an edi- 
tion of Ross' celebrated grammar, so improved by his skilful emendations, that it is 
decidedly one of the best, if not the very best, Latin grammar extant. And here, 
in his First Lec^soiis in Latin, we have a very valuable auxiliary to the intelligent 
and earnest teacher, who feels a proper solicitude for the advancement of his 
pupils in this fundamental and immortal language. We most cordially recommend 
the work to all academies ; and especially to those worthy young persons, who, 
unable to avail themselves of academical aid, are endeavouring to improve their 
minds, in the few moments of leisure which they rescue from engrossing business 
engagements." — Methodist Protestant. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Latin Grammar explains the principles of the 
Latin language, and consists of four parts : Ortho- 
graphy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

Orthography teaches the forms, names, and 
powers of the letters and other written charactei-s 
of the language. 

1. There are twenty-five Latin letters: ABODE 
FGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZrbutK, 
Y, and Z, are found only in words derived from the 
Greek. 

2. Letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 

3. The vowels make full and perfect sounds of 
themselves. 

4. The consonants require vowels to form a sound. 

5. Of the twenty-five letters, six are vowels, a, e, i, 
0, w, 2/; the rest are consonants. 



8 L ATIN LE S SON S. 

6. Two vowels united in the same syllable, form 
Diphthongs, as au in aura; ui in cui. The diph- 
thongs are ae, ai, aw, ei, ew, oe, o?, wa, we, w/, wo, ww, 
and yi. 

7. .4e and oe, having the sound of a single 6, are 
called improper diphthongs; the rest are proper. Ae 
and oe are generally written together — thus: Ccesar^ 
ccetus. 

8. Of the consonants, ten are Mutes: Z>, c, cZ, g", A, ^, 
j9, q^ r, ^; six are Semi-Vowels: fj /, m, tz, r, 5; and 
three are Double-Consonants: j^ a:, and ;<;, corres- 
ponding to dg^ ks^ and ds, 

9. Besides the letters of the language, are other 
written characters, to mark the divisions of sentences 
and syllables; and to determine the pronunciation. 

10. The Hyphen divides syllables; as, a-ma-re, 

11. The Diaeresis (• •) separates concurrent vowels; 
as auldi. 

12. A straight line marks a long vowel, a, e, 6; a 
curve line marks a short vowel, a, e, 0. 

SOUND OF LETTERS. 



1. The vowel a has the sound of ah, and is short, as in musd; 
or long, as infrustrd. 

2. jE has the sound of a in name, and is short, as in carman, 
or lonff, as in canebant. 

3. I has the English sound, and is short, as in legis, or long, 
as in audhnus. At the end of unaccented syllables, it has the 
sound of short e; as, Fdbius, mlhi, tlbi, sibi. 

4. has the sound of in no, and is short, as in tempdris, or 
long, as in leone. 

5. C7 has the sound of u in tube, and is short, as in denuo, or 
long, as in cornu, 

6. Y has the English sound. In the end of an unaccented 
syllable, it sounds like e, as Tiphy. 

7. Es, in the end of words, sounds like the English word 
bays; SlS, fames, doces, 

8. Os, in the accusative plural, sounds like dose ; as, illos, 
puCros. 



LATINLESSONS. \) 

13. The acute accent elevates the voice; as, homo^ 
mater. 

14. The grave accent depresses the voice; as, docte; 
and is used to distinguish particles from other words 
spelled in the same manner; as quo^d^ because from 
guod^ which. 

15. The circumflex accent is often used to denote a 
contraction, and sometimes to mark the ablative case; 
as, dmdsti, for dmdvisti', stelld. 



PRONUNCIATION. 

ACCENT. 

Accent is the particular stress of the voice on 
certain syllables of words. 

1. In dissyllables, the penult, or last syllable but one, 
is accented; as, jpu'-er, steV-ld. 

2. In words of more than two syllables, if the 
penult is long, it is accented ; if the penult is short, the 
autepenult, or last syllable but two, is accented; as, 
d-ma' -mus^ dom'-i-nus. 



SOUND OF LETTERS. 
DIPHTHONGS. 

1. The diphthongs ce and cb , are pronounced like long e; as 
stellce, ccBlum. In the diphthongs ai, ei, oi, and yi^ the sound of 
both vowels is heard. 

2. When ei is not followed by a vowel, it has the sound of 
long i; as in hei. 

3. Eu has the sound of long u; as in heu. Au has the sound 
of aw; as in laus. 

4. In the diphthongs ua^ ue, ui. uo, and uu, the first vowel has 
the sound of w; as, lingua, suddeo; pronounced lin-gwa, swadeo. 

6. In accented syllables, ua before dr and rt, has the sound of 
wo; as quddrans, qudrtus. 

6. Ua, ue, ui, uo, and uu, are not always diphthongs after g: and 
s; as ex2g-u-us, su-us. 

7. Ui, in cui, huic, has the sound of long i. 



10 LATINLESSONS. 

3. If the penult is common, the accent in prose is on 
the antepenult; as, pliar' -e-tra^ ten'-e-brce. 

4. When only two syllables precede the primary 
accent, the secondary accent is on the first syllable; as 
an"-i-ma'-tus. 

5. When three or four syllables precede the primary 
accent, the secondary accent occurs sometimes on the 
first syllable and sometimes on the second; as, de-nom"- 
l-na'-tio. 

DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. 

1. A word is divided into as many syllables as there 
are separate vowels and diphthongs : as, mo-re. 

2. A consonant, or a mute and a liquid between the 
vowels of the ultimate -and penultimate syllables, are 
joined to the latter; as, d'-mo^ te'-go, li'~hri. 

3. Two consonants, except they be a mute and a 
liquid, between the vowels of the ultimate and penul- 
timate.) are divided; as, il'-le.^ an'-nus^ par'-tes. 

4. A consonant before or after the vowel of an ac- 
cented syllable, except after the vowel of the penult. 



CONSONANTS. 

1. The consonants have generally the English sound. 

2. C, before a, o, a, and betore consonants, sounds like k; as, 
cddo, Conor, cludo. 

3. C, before e, i, y, and cb and ce, sounds like s; as, celo, Cicero, 
Ccesar. 

4. C, ending or following an accented syllable, when it stands 
before i, followed by a vowel, or before eu, has the sound of sh; 
as, sociuSy caducous. 

o. Ch has the sound of k; as, chdrtd,pulcher. 

6. G has in general a hard sound; as, in gldns, grdphium; but 
before e, i, y, ce, and cb, and before g soft, has the soft sound like 
j; as, gemma, gigno, gyrus, agg^r. 

7. S final, after e, ob, au, 6, m, n, and r, sounds, like z; as, res, 
(zs, Idus. 

8. X at the beginning of a syllable, sounds like z ; at the end, 
like ks ; as, Xerxes, axis. 



LATIN LESSONS. 11 

or the vowel w, is joined to the accented syllable; as, 
cap'-i'dm^ dom'-inus^ lu'-ri^dics. 

QUANTITY. 

1. A vowel is long, by position^ if two consonants 
or a double consonant follows: as, dmnes^ dptus^ axis, 

2. A vowel before a mw^e, and a liquid in the same syl- 
lable after a short vowel is sometimes long^ and some- 
times sJiort; as, agris^ Cyclopes^ pharetrd. volucrls. 

3. A vowel before a vowel is short in Latin: as 
dlius^ induo^ trdho. 

4. A diphthong is long in Greek and Latin words; as, 
cequor^ coe>lum^ ccstus. 



ETYMOLOGY. 

Etymology teaches the true origin, derivation, 
signification, and variation of words. 

1. Words are reduced to eight classes, called parts 
of speech, viz: Substantive or JYoun, Adjective^ Pro- 
noun^ Verb, Ad^verb^ Preposition^ Conjunction^ and In- 
terjection. The first five are varied; the others have 
no variation. Variation is of three kinds; declension^ 
conjugation^ and comparison. 

2. Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, are declined; 
verbs are conjugated; and adjectives and adverbs are 
compared. 

3. The term Noun embraces Gerunds and Supines; 
and the term Adjective embraces Participles; for the 
former partakes of the nature of the verb and the noun; 
and the latter of the nature of the verb and the adjec- 
tive. 

4. All words consist of two parts — the root, which 
undergoes no change; and the termination, which is 
subject to variation. 



12 LATINLESSONi. 



NOUNS. 



A Substanth^e or Noun is the name of any per- 
son, place, quality, or thing ; as, pater ^ a father ; 
regio^ a country; felicitccs, happiness; culter^ a 
knife. 

1. A noun is either Common or Proper, 

2. A common noun is a name equally applicable to 
any one of a class of objects; as, rexy a king; Jmno^ a 
man. 

3. A proper noun is an individual name to distin- 
guish objects of the same class: as, VirgUius^ Virgil; 
Rbma^ Rome. 

4. A common noun is called abstract when it repre- 
sents a quality, or manner of action or existence: as, 
festindtio^ haste; pietas^ piety. 

5. Collective nouns, in the singular number, signify 
an association of individuals ; as, turhdj a crowd. 

6. Verbal nouns are nouns derived from a verb ; as, 
versio^ a version, from verto^ to turn. 

To nouns belong Number, Gender and Case. 

NUMBER. 

Number is the consideration of objects, individu- 
ally or collectively. There are two numbers, the 
Singular and the Plural, 

1. The singular number denotes only one object; as, 
homo^ a man. 

2. The plural number denotes more objects than onej 
as, homines^ men. 



LATINLESSONS. 13^ 



GENDER. 



Gender, in a natural sense, is the distinction of 
sex, or the difference between male and female. 
Gender, in a grammatical sense, is the designation 
of nouns according to their signification, or termi- 
nation. 

1. There are three genders: the Masculine^ the Femi- 
nine and the JYeut&r. 

2. The Masculine gender embraces the names of 
males, and those nouns which, in attributes or termi- 
nation, resemble males ; as, dominits^ a master; puer^ 
a boy ; soZ, the sun; annus^ a year; Uher^ a book. 

3. The Feminine gender embraces the names of 
females, and those nouns which in attributes or termi- 
nation, resemble females ; as, pttelld, a girl ; virgo^ a 
virgin; tellus^ the earth; sylvd^ a forest; rubigo^hli^i. 

4. The Neuter gender embraces nouns, which are 
neither of the masculine nor feminine gender, and all 
words and phrases used as nouns ; as arvwn, a field ; 
comity a horn; ulfimiim vdle^ the last farewell. 

5. Some nouns have two genders. These are said to 
be of the common gender, when they denote things 
animate whose sex is easily distinguished. 

6. They are said to be of the doubtful gender when 
they denote things inanimate, or animals whose sex 
is not readily ascertained. 

7. For the sake of brevity, liic is used to denote the 
masculine ; hcBc the feminine, and Aoc, the neuter 
gender. Hie et hcec denotes the common gender;, 
and hie vel hcec and sometimes hie vel hoc^ the doubt- 
ful gender. 

8. Under the several declensions are given rules to 
know the gender by the termination, to which there are 
occasional exceptions. 



14 LATINLESSONS, 



CASE. 

Cases are the different termination of nouns, to 
■ express their relation to other words. The cases in 
Latin are six, viz : Nominative^ Genitive, Dative, 
Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. 

1. The nominative case indicates the subjective rela- 
tion of a noun to its verb. 

2. The g-enitive denotes origin or possession; its 
sign IS of ox s with an apostrophe. 

3. The dative denotes that to or for which any thing 
is given, done, or intended. Its sign is to andybr. 

4. The accusative denotes ac count ahility ; it is the 
object of the action of a verb or of the relations of a 
preposition. 

5. The vocative denotes the relation of a person ad- 
dressed. Its usual sign is the interjection O. 

6. The ablative case denotes derivation or privation. 
Its sign is with, from, in and hy. 

7. All cases except the nominative, are called oblique 
cases. 



DECLENSION. 

The changes of termination which nouns un- 
dergo, are classified under certain foiins, called de- 
clensions. These forms in Latin are five, and are 
known by the teimination of the genitive singu- 
lar, which in the first declension is ce ; in the se- 
cond, i ; in the third, is ; in the fourth, tis ; and 
in the fifth, e'i. 

1. The following table exhibits a view of the dif- 
ferent declensions. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



16 



TABLE OF DECLENSIONS. 





I. 


II. 


1 


III. 




IV. 


V. 




m.&7 


r -^ ^li 
m. 1 neu. | 


m. & f. 1 neu. 


m. &cn. 


m.&f. 








Singular, 


N. 


as, a 


us, er 


um 


0, &c. 


e, &c. 


lis u 


es 


G. 


ae 


i 




is 




us u 


ei 


D. 


ae 







1 




ui u 


ei 


A. 


am 


um 




em 


e, &c. 


um u 


em 


V. 


a 


e, er 


um 


0, &c. 




us u 


es 


A. 


a 







e or i 




u u 


e 








Plural 


N. 


se 


i 


a 


es 


a 


us 


es 


G. 


arum 


orum 




umor ium 




Aum 


erum 


D. 


is 


is 




ibus 




ibus 


ebus 


A. 


as 


OS 


a 


es 


a 


us 


es 


V. 


se 


i 


a 


es 


a 


us 


es 


A. 


is 


is 




ibus 




ibus 


ebus 



GENERAL REMARKS ON DECLENSION. 

1. The nominative and vocative singular are alike, 
except in nouns of the second declension ending in us. 

2. The nominative and vocative plural are always 
alike. 

3. Neuter nouns have the nominative, accusative, 
and vocative alike, in both numbers. These cases in 
the plural end in a. 

4. The dative and ablative plural end always alike. 
In the first and second declensions they terminate in is; 
in the third, fourth and fifth, in hus. 

5. The accusative singular ends in 7n, except in some 
neuter nouns ; and the accusative plural in 5, except in 
neuters. 

6. The genitive plural ends in um. 

7 Proper names, for the most part, want the plural. 



16 



LATIN LESSONS. 



FIRST DECLENSION. 

The First Declension, known by the Genitive 
singular in a^, has four temiinations, a, e, as^ and 
es, Latin nouns end only in a ; there are Greek 
nouns of all the terminations. 



RULE FOR THE GEXDER. 

All nouns in a and e ^xq feminine^ 
But those in as and es as males decline. 

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



NOUNS. 

Stella^ a star, fern. 
Plural, 



Singular. 
Nom.stella, a star, 

Gen. stellae, of a star, 

Dat. stell3e,to or for a star, 
Ace. stellam, a star, 

Voc. Stella, O star, 

Abl. Stella, with, from, 
in or by a star. 



Nom.slellae, stars, 

Gen. stellarum, " of stars, 
Dat. stellis, to orfor, stars, 
Ace. Stellas. stars, 

Voc. stellae, O stars, 

Abl. stellis, with, from, 
in or by stars. 



ADJECTIVES. 

Bona^ good, fem. 



Nom. bona, good. 

Gen. bonae, of good, 

Dat. bonae^ to or for good. 
Ace. bonam, good, 

Voc. bona, O good, 

Abl. bona, with, from, 

in, or by good. 



Nom. bonae, good, 

Gen. bonariim, of good, 
Dat. bonis, to (?r for good. 
Ace. bonas, good, 

Voc. bonae, O good, 

Abl. bonis, with, from, 

in, or by good. 









LATINLESSONS. 17 








Mea^ my, fem. 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 


mea, 
meae, 
meae. 


to 


my, 

of my, 

or for my. 


Nom. meae, my, 
Gen. mearum, of my, 
Dat. meis, to or for my, 


Ace. 
Voc. 
AbL 


me air 

mea, 

mea. 


with 


my, 
my, 
, from. 


Ace. me as, my, 
Voc. meae, my, 
Abl. meis, with, from. 






in, 


oj' by my. 


in, or by my. 



These feminines have ahus in the dative and ablative 
plural, to distinguish them from corresponding mascu- 
lines in us of the second declension; dnimd^ the soul; 
dsmd^a, she-ass; ded^ a goddess; equd. a mare; fdmuld^ 
a maid-servant; jilid^ a daughter; midd^ a she-mule; 
ndtd^ a daughter. 

EXERCISES ON THE CASES. 



Tell where the following nouns are found, and give the 
EAglish. 
.y3ra, an altar; c«ra,care; ro50, a rose; ^erra, the earth. 



Ard, 


ciirarum, 


rosa. 


terra! 


Aram, ciirae! rosa. 


terrae, 


Aris, ciird, rosis, 


terrarum, 


Ara! curse, rosae, 


terra, 


Arae, cura, rosas. 


terris. 


Aras, cura! rosam. 


terrae. 


II, 
Render the following into Latin, and name the number 


and case. 




an altar ^ 


to care^ 


of a rose^ 


for maresj 


of an altar^ 


of cares^ 


for a rose^ 


to daughters^ 


for an altar ^ 


for cares^ 


in roses^ 


icith maids^ 


oh altar! 


care^ 


from earthy 


by goddesses^ 


ivith an altar^ 


with caresj 


to earthy 


from souls ^ 


of altars. 


by cares^ 


oh earth! 


in she-muleSi. 


2* 









18 



LATIN LESSONS. 



GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 



Sing. haec. 
N. Medea, 
G. Medeae, 
D. Medeffi, 
A. Medean, 

or Medeam, 
V. Medea, 
A. Medea. 



Sing. haec. 
N. Penelope, 
G. Penelopes, 
D. Penelope, 
A. Peneiopen, 
orPenelopera, 
V^. Penelope, 
A. Penelope. 



Sing. hie. 
N. ^neas, 
G. ^neae, 
D. ^nea5, 

or ^nean, 
A. ^neam. 
V. ^nea, 
A. jEnea. 



Sing. hie. 
N. Anchlses, 
G. Anchlsae, 
D. Anchisae, 
A. Anchisen, 
V. Anchise, 
A. Anchise, 
A. Anchisa. 



Greek nouns are declined in the plural like stellce. 



Render into Greek from the nouns Medea^ Medea, 
epitome^ an epitome; tiaras^ a turban; cometes^ a comet; 
the following, and tell their number and case. 



Medea! 
for Medea, 
to Medea, 
of Medea, 
by Medea, 
Medea. 



an epitome, 

epitomes, 

for epitomes, 

oh epitome, 

from epitomes, 

of epitomes. 



Turbans, 
with turbans, 
to turbans, 
of a turban, 
in a turban, 
for a turban. 



a comet, 

oh comet, 

for comets, 

from comets, 

by a comet, 

of a comet. 



EXERCISES ON THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
PRELIMINARY RULES. 

1. An adjective agrees with its substantive in 
number, gender and case. 

2. A verb agrees with its nominative in number 
and person. 

3. Active verbs govern the accusative of the ob- 
ject affected by the action. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



19 



Translate and parse the following Latin sentences. 



Ara est lata. 
Via est bona. 
Fortuna est benigna. 
Portae sunt altae. 
Tubae sunt directse. 
Fossae sunt profundas. 
Mea fortijna erat parva. 
Tua fama erat magna. 
Nostrae aulae erant amplas. 
VestraB rosas erant albae. 
Mea mens fuerat f Ida. 
Tuae filias erant aegrotae. 
Peci^nia habet curam. 
Puellae habent rosas. 
Regina habebat filias. 
Equae habuerant aquam. 



The altar is broad. 
The way is good. 
Fortune is kind. 
The gates are high. 
Trumpets are straight. 
The ditches are deep. 
My fortune was small. 
Thy fame was great. 
Our halls were large. 
Your roses were white. 
My mind had been faithful. 
Thy daughters were sick. 
Motley has care. 
The girls have roses. 
The queen had daughters. 
The mares had had water. 



II. 



Translate the following English into Latin. 



The queen is blind. 
Thy cares are great. 
Thy daughter was fair. 
Thy jewels were precious. 
The island had been firm. 
The roses had been pale. 
Great power has care. 
Great riches have cares. 
The daughter had maids. 
Your faults have just pun- 
ishment. 



Regina sum coeca. 
Tua cura sum magna. 
Tua filia sum pulchra. 
Tua ^emma sum pretiosa. 
Insula sum firma. 
Rosa sum pallida. 
Magna potentia habeo ciira. 
Magna divitiae habeo cura. 
Filia habeo famuia. 
Vestra culpa habeo justa 
poena. 



All the adjectives, and nouns in the above lessons are 
declined like Stella, 



20 



LATIN LESSONS. 



VOCABULARY TO THE ABOVE. 

From the verb sum^ to be; and liabeo^ to have, 
Indic Pres. Est, lie^ she or it is: Sunt, they are. 
" Iiii'p. Erat, Ae, she or iticas: Erant, /Ae?/ loere, 
" Plu. Fuerat, Ae, S^c. had been : Fuerant, they 

had been. 
" Pres. Jidihet^ he ^ she or it has: B^hen^ they have, 
" Imp. Habebal, Ae, S^c. had: Habebant, they had. 
" Plu. Habuerat, Ae, ^c. had : Habuerant, they 
had had. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 

The Second Declension, known by the ending 
of the genitive singular in i, has six terminations, 
ir, er, us, 05, u?n and o?i. Os and on are Greek 
terminations. 

RULE FOR THE GENDER. 

Make nouns in ir, er, ws, os, masculine ] 
But neuters, those in um and on decline. 

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 





NOUNS. 






Singular. 




A Boy, m. 


A Field, m. 


A Master, 7?i. 


A Gift, n. 


N. piier, 


N. ager. 


N. dominus. 


N. doniira, 


G. pueri, 


G. agri, 


G. domini. 


G. d5ni, 


D. puer5, 


D. agro, 


D. domino, 


D. dono, 


A. pueriim. 


A. agrum. 


A. dominum. 


A. d5niim, 


V. puer. 


V. ager. 


V. domme. 


V. doniim, 


A. puero. 


A. agro. 


A. domind. 


A. dono. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



21 



Plural. 



N. pueri, 
G. puer5rum, 
D. pueris, 
A. pueros, 
V. pueri, 
A. pueris. 



N. agri, 
G. agrorum 
D. agris, 
A. agr5s, 
V. agri, 
A. agris. 



N. domini, 
G. dominorum, 
D. dominis, 
A. dominds, 
V. domini, 
A. dominis. 



ADJECTIVES. 



Singular, 



Tender m. 
N. tener, 
G. teneri, 
D. tener5, 
A. tenerum, 
V. tener, 
A. tenero. 



Black m. 
N. niger, 
G. nigri, 
D. nigr5, 
A. nigrum, 
V. niger, 
A. nigrd. 



G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 

Plural, 



Thy m. 

tuiis, 

tui, 

tu5, 

tuum. 



tue, 
tu5. 



N. dona, 
G. d5n5riim, 
D.d5-nis, 
A. d5na, 
V. d5na, 
A. donis 



Good n, 
N". bonum, 
G. boni, 
D. bond, 
A. bonum, 
V. bonum, 
A. bono. 



N. teneri, 
G. tenerorum 
D. teneris, 
A. tenerds, 
V. teneri, 
A. teneris. 



N. nigri, 
G. nigrorum, 
D. nigris, 
A. nigros, 
V. nigri, 
A. nigris. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 

V. 
A. 



tui, 


N. bona, 


tuorum, 


G. bonorum, 


tuis, 


D. bonis, 


tuos, 


A. bona. 


tui. 


V. bona, 


tuis. 


A. bonis. 



IRREGULARITIES IN DECLENSION. 

1. In the second declension, the vocative of nouns in us, ends 
in e ; but vulgus, populus, chorus, and fluvlus, make both e and 
us in the vocative. 

2. Proper names in lus, except Patrials, or Possessives, omit 
us in the vocative ; as Tulllus, Tulli. Flllus diud genius have also 
fill and geni in the vocative. 

3. D^us makes d^us in the vocative singular; Nom. and Voc. 
plural dei or dn. Gen. deorum, Dat. and Abl. diis or d^is, Ace. 
d^os. 

4. Iesus is a Greek noun Latinized. Its nominative ends in 
us ; the other cases end in u. 



22 


LATIN LESSONS. 




GREEK NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION IN OS and 071. 


Sing. hie. 


Sing, hsec 


Sing. hoc. 


Plur. haec. 


N. Androgeos, 


N. Delos, 


N. mausoleon, 


N. mausolea. 


G. Androgei, or o, 


G. Deli, 


G. mausoleo, 


G. mausoleon. 


D. Androgeo, 


D. Delo. 


i D. mausoleo, 


D. mausoleis, 


A. Androgeon, or o 


A. Delon, 


1 A., mausoleon, 


A. mausolea. 


V. AndrSgeos, 


V. Deie, 


j V, mausoleon, 


V. mausolea. 


A. Androggo. 


A. Delo. 


■ A. mausoleo. 


A. mausoleis. 



EXERCISES ON THE SECOND DECLENSION. 
ADDITIONAL PRELIMINARY RULES. 

1. One substantiv^e governs another in the geni- 
tive, when it hmits its meaning. 

2. Substantives signifying the same thing, agree in 
case. 

3. Substantive verbs, and verbs of naming and 
gesture, have a nominative, both before and after 
them. 

4. Prepositions govern the accusative and abla- 
tive. 

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN IT AND er. 



Translate and parse the following Latin sentences. 



Vir est prosper. 
Mens caper erat tener. 
Aper fuerat asper in tiimu- 

lls. 
Generi Shermani fuerant 

miseri. 
Socer habet cultrum ab 

lanid. 
Pueri habent agrds. 
Libri puerorum suntlaceri 

in schola. 



The man is prosperous. 

My goat was tender. 

The wild boar had been 
fierce in the mountains. 

The sons-in-law of Sher- 
man had been miserable. 

The father-in-law has a 
knife from the stall. 

The boys have fields. 

The books of the boys are 
torn in school. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



S3 



Magister habet virgam in 

schola. 
Auster habet pluviam. 
Nostri capri sunt atri. 



The master has a rod in 

school. 
The south wind has rain. 
Our goats are black. 



II. 



Translate the following English sentences into Latin. 



The men are in the fields. 
The men of the fields were 

free in spirit. 
Slothful boys are miserajple. 
He has a black goat in me 

fields near his hut. 
The wild boars were in 

the mountain woods. 
The boys have many books 

in school. 
The form of the boy is 

very beautiful. 
The w^orkmen have red 

knives. 



Vir sum in ager- 

Vir ager sum liber in ani- 

ma. 
Piger puer sum miser. 
Habeo ater caper in ager 

juxta casa. 
Aper sum in montana 

sylva. 
Puer habeo mtiltus liber in 

schola. 
Forma puer sum valde pul- 

cher. 
Faber habeo ruber culter. 



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN US, 



Georgius est bonus puer. 
Adamus habuit mult5s 

pueros et f ilias. 
Multi agni sunt in campo. 
Filius erat meus amicus, 
lesus fuit filius Dei. 
In agris sunt albi equi et 

cervi. 
Servus habet socium culpse. 



George is a good boy. 
Adam had many sons and 

daughters. 
Many lambs are in the plain. 
The son was my friend. 
Jesus was the son of God. 
In the fields are white 

horses and stags. 
The servant has a partaker 

of his crime. 



24 



LATIN LESSONS, 



Anirni me5rum servdrum 

sunt mall. 
Petrus Apostolus fuit fidus 

minister. 
Virihabebant latos gladios. 



The minds of my servants 

are evil. 
Peter the Apostle was a 

faithful minister. 
The men had broad swords. 



A faithful friend is a safe 
anchor. 

Good men are faithful 
friends. 

The minds of friends are 
turned away. 

Bad masters have bad ser- 
vants. 

The thorn has not clusters 
of grapes. 

The world has the form of 
a globe. 

The fields had an abun- 
dance of white roses. 

On his broad shoulders he 
had a cloak. 



Fidus amicus sum tuta 
anchora. 

Boniis vir sum fidus ami- 
cus. 

Animus amiciis sum aver- 
sus. 

Malus dominus habe5 
mains servus. 

Spina non habeo racemus 
uva. 

Mundils habeo forma 
sphaera. 

Ager habeo c5pia alba 
rosa. 

Super latus humerus habeo 
palla. 



EXERCISES ON NOUNS IN Um. 



Nostrum damniimest tuum 
lucrum, amice ! 

Pilum est letiferum telum 
belli. 

Sunt mulia bona p5ma in 
horto. 

Est alba pruma in de mis- 
sis pratis. 

Agricolae habent aratra in 
sulcis. 



Our loss is thy gain, oh 
friend ! 

The dart is a deadly wea- 
pon of war. 

There are many good 
apples in the garden. 

There is white frost in the 
low meadows. 

The countrymen have 
ploughs in the furrows. 



LATIN LESSO^S. 



25 



In firmamento coeli sunt 

astra. 
Antra pulchrae insulcB sunt 

profunda. 
Aquila habet milvum in 

rostrd. 
Alimentum equorum est 

ex herbis. 
Tyrannus habet instrumen- 

tum cruciamenti in aula. 



In the firmament of Heaven 

are stars. 
The caves of the beautiful 

island are deep. 
The eagle has a kite in its 

beak. 
The food of the horses is 

of grass. 
The tyrant has an instru- 
ment of torture in the hall. 



II. 



The w^ord of the Lord is 
pure. 

The precepts of the mas- 
ter are good. 

Idleness is the beginning 
of evil. 

Diligence in study has its 
reward. 

The boys had many orna- 
ments. 

The helm of the ship is 
the guide. 

The world had its begin- 
ning from God. 



Verbum Dominiis siim 

puriim. 
Preceptum dominiis sum 

boniim. 
Inertia sum principium 

maliim. 
Diligentia in studium 

habeo praemium. 
Puer habeo multum orna- 

mentum. 
Clavus navigium est 

giibernaculum. 
Mundus habeo initiiim ex 

Deiis. 



GREEK NOUNS IN OS AND 071. 
I. 



Tenedos fuit insula juxta 

Trojam. 
Gallinae erant in magno 

ornithoboscio. 
Crinitiis 15 pas habet au- 

ratum barbiton. 
3 



Tenedos was an island near 

Troy. 
The hens were in a large 

coop. 
The longhaired lopas has 

a golden lyre. 



26 



LATIN LESS ON Se 



Fortuna Ilii erat valde f u- 

nesta. 
Tyrannus habet sympo- 

sion in aula. 

The lyres of the girls are 

golden. 
Many vessels are in the 

Mausolea. 
The poet has many dis- 

tichs in his book. 
The Colossus was a huge 

statue at Rhodes. 



The fate of Troy was very 

lamentable. 
The tyrant has a banquet 

in the hall. 



II. 



Barbiton puella sum au- 

ratum. 
Multum vasiim sum in 

Mausdleon. 
Poeta habeo multum dis- 

tichon in liber. 
Colosstis sijm magna 

statua ad Rhodos. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

The Third Declension, known by the Genitive 
singular in is^ has tvt^elve final letters : a, e, i, o, c, 
d, /, fij r, s, t^ X. 

RULES FOR THE GENDER. 

The Third has males in -er, -or -os^ -w, -o, 
HiEC -10, - as^ -aus^ -es^ is -x^ -5, -do^ and -go. 
Nouns in -c, -a, -Z, -e, -/, -/, -ar, -men^ -ur^ -iis^ 
May with the Neuter kind be classed by us. 

MASCULINES in er, or, os^ n, and o. 
Singular, 



A Father, m. 
N. pater, 
G. patris, 
D. patrT, 

CYC patrem, 
Ai pater, 
A. patre. 



Love, m. 
N. amor, 
G. amdris, 
D. amori, 
A. amorem, 
V. amor, 
A. amore. 



A Flower,??i. 
N. flos, 
G. floris, 
D. flori, 
A. florem, 
V. flos, 
A. flore. 



A Lion, m, 
N. leo, 
G. leonis, 
D. leoni, 
A. leonem, 
V. leo, 
A. leone. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



27 



Plural, 



N. patres, 
G. patrum, 
D. patribiis, 
A. patres, 
V. patres, 
A. patribus. 



N. 


amores, 


G, 


amdrum, 


D. 


am 5 rib us, 


A. 


amores. 


V. 


amdres. 


A. 


amdribus. 



N. flores, 
G. fldriim, 
D. fioribus, 

A. flores, 
V. fl5res, 
A. fldribiis. 



N. leones, 
G. leonum, 
D. Ie5nibus, 
A. leones, 
V. lednes, 
A. lednibiis. 



Some noims in er retain the e ; as agger ^ aggeris. 
Nouns in os sometimes make otis in the Genitive ; as 
nepos^ nepotzs. Those in o have sometime inis ; as, 
Aorno, hbrmnis. 

Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 30. 

FEMININE S IN ZO, ^5, aW5, 65,15, X^ 5, cZo, and gO. 



Singula 



Reason, f. 
N. ratio, 
G. rationis, 
D. ratidni, 
A. rationem, 
V. ratio, 
A. ratione. 



Praise, jT. 
N. laus, 
G. laudis, 
D. laudi, 
A. laud em, 
V. laus, 
A. laude. 



A rock,y. 
N. rupes, 
G. riipis, 
D. riipi, 
A. riipem, 
V. rijpes, 
A. rupe. 



An art,jr. 
N. ars, 
G. artis, 
D. arti, 
A. artem, 
V. ars, 
A. arte. 



Plural, 



N". rationes, [ N. laudes, N. rupes, N. artes, 

G. rationum, G. laudiim, G. riipium, G. artmm, 

D. ratidnibus D. laudibiis, D. rijpibiis, D. artibus, 

A. ratidnes, A. laudes, A. rupes, A. artes, 

V'. rationes, V. laudes, V. riipes, V. artes, 

A. rati5nibiis. A. laudibus. A. riipibus. A. artibiis. 

>Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
pageSi. 



28 



LATIN LESSONS. 



NEUTERS IN c, «, Z, 6, t^ av^ men^ ur^ us. 



Singula 



An Animal, n, 
N. animal, 
G. animalis, 
D. animali, 
A. animal, 
V. animal, 
A. animali. 



N. animalia, 
G. animalium, 
D. animalibus, 
A, animalia, 
V. animalia, 
A. animalibus. 



A seatTz. 

N. sedile, 
G. sedilis, 
D, sedili, 
A. sedile, 
V. sedile, 
A. sedili. 



A 

N. 


song, n. 
carmen. 


G. 


carminis, 


D. 


carmini, 


A. 


carmen, 


y. 


carmen. 


A. 


carmine. 



Plural, 



sedilia, 

sedilium, 

sedilibus, 

sedilia, 

sedilia, 

sedilibus. 



carmma, 

carminum, 

carminibiis, 

carmina, 

carmina, 

carminibiis. 



A Grove, n. 
N. nemus, 
G. nemoris, 
D. nemori, 
A. nemiis, 
V. nemus, 
A. nemore. 



nemora, 

nemoriim, 

nemo rib us, 

nemora, 

nemora, 

nemoribiis. 



Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 32. 

RULES FOR THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

1. Masculines and feminines form the nominative plu- 
ral from the genitive singular, by changing is into es ; 
as, lebnis^ leones. 

2. The dative plural of all genders is formed from 
the dative singular by adding bus ; as, leorii^ leomhus ; 
sedili^ sedilibus. 

3. Masculines and feminines have the accusative 
singular in em, except a few nouns which have both 
em and i??i ; and some that have im only, or im and iw, 
in the accusative. 

4. Masculines and feminines have their ablative sin- 
gular in e ; but those with em and im in the accusative, 



LATIN LESSONS. 



29 



have 6 and i ; and those that have im or in, have i only 
in the ablative. 

5. Masculines and feminines have their genitive plu- 
ral in um ; but those in as^ is^ and s with a Con- 
sonant before it, those in es and is not increasing the 
genitive singular, and tho^e v^ith e or i in the ablative 
singular, have the genitive plural in ium ; with a few 
others. 

6. Neuters in e, a/, ar, have i in the ablative sin- 
gular. 

7. Neuters, which have e in the ablative, make their 
Genitive plural in wm, and Nom. Ace. and Voc. plural 
in a. 

8. Neuters, which have i in the ablative, make their 
Genitive plural in ium^ and Nom. Ace. and Voc. plural 
in la. 



FORMS OF GREEK NOUNS IN THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
I. 



Sing. hie. 


Sing.hsBC. 


Si7ig. hsec. 


Plural. 


N. Daphnis, 


N. Belis. 


N. Troas, 


N. Troades, 


G. DaphnidTs, 


G. Belidis, 


G. Troadis, 


G. Troadtim, 


& Daphmdos, 


& Belidos, 


& Troad5s, 


& Troadon, 


D. Daphnidi, 


D. Belidi, 


D. Troadi, 


D. Troadibtis, 


A. Daphnim, 


A. Belidgm, 


A. Troadem, 


A. Troadas, 


& Daphnin, 


& Belida, 


& Troada, 


V. Troades, 


V. Daphni, 


V. Bell, 


V. Troas, 


A. Troadibtis, 


A. Daphnide. 


A. Belide. 


A. Troade. 

T 


& Troasin. 


Singular. 


Sing. hie. 


L. 

Sing. haee. 


Plural 


N. hie Orpheus, 


N. Tiphys, 


N. haer6sis. 


N. h8ereses,is, 


G. OrpheoSjOS, 


G. Tiphyos, 


G. haeresis, 


G. hseresitim. 


D. Orphei, 


D. Tiphyi, 


— haeresios, 


— hseresion. 


— Orpheo, 


A. Tiphym, 


— heereseos, 


— hsereseon. 


A. Orphea, 


— Tiphyn, 


D. haeresi, 


D. hssresibiis. 


V. Orpheu. 


V. Tiphy, 


A. haeresim, 


A. hsereseas. 


A. Orpheo. 


A. Tiphye, 


— hcer€sin. 


— haeresis. 


atreus. 


A, Tiphy. 


V. hsresi, 


V. hsereseSjis, 


ihyoneus. 

3* 


Atys. 


A. hseresi. 


A. hseresibtis 



30 


LATIN LESSONS. 






III. 




Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Singular. 


N. hie Arabs, 


N. hi Arabes, 


N. hie aer, 


N. hcBc. Dido, 


G. Arabis, 


G. Arabum,et 


G. aeris, 


G. Didus, 


D. Arabi, 


Arabon, 


D. aeri, 


D. Dido, 


A. Arabeoi, et 


D. Arabibus, • 


A. aera, 


A. Dido, 


Araba, 


A. Arabas, 


V. aer, 


V. Dido, 


V. Arabs, 


V. Arabes, 


A. aerg. 


A. Dido. 


A. Arabe. 


A. Arabibus. 







Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 33. 

EXERCISES ox NOUNS IN er, Or, OS, 71, 0. 



Pater piiellae est in magna 

peniiria. 
Matres puerorum sunt pul- 
^ chrae. 

Amor matrum est perpetu- 
us. 
Puellae habent flores in 

dextris. 
Timor Dei est initium sa- 

pientiae, 
Lusciniae habent nidos in 

fldribus. 
Odor fidrum in hortis erat 

delicatiis. 
Leones habent validas 

maxillas. 



The father of the girl is in 

great want. 
The mothers of the boys 

are beautiful. 
The love of the mothers is 

perpetual. 
The girls have flowers in 

their right hands. 
The fear of God is the be- 
ginning of wisdom. 
Nightingales have nests in 

the flowers. 
The odor of the flowers in 

the garden, was delicate. 
The lions have powerful 

jaws. 



The town has a mound and 

ditch. 
Many rumors are among 

the people. 



Oppidum habeo agger et 

fossa, 
^lultus rumor sum inter 

populus. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



31 



Men are commonly prone 
lo vice. 

The French soldiers were 
authors of the war. 

In the town are many rob- 
bers. 

The forests have many 
large lions. 



Homo sum communiter 

pronus ad vitium. 
Gallicus miles sum auctor 

bellum. 
fn oppidum sum multus 

latro. 
Sylva habeo multus mag- 

nus leo. 



EXERC I SES ON NOUNS IN 10, aS^ dUS^ 65, 25, 0?, 5, do^ UndgO, 

I. 

The gift of reason is from 
a benevolent God. 

The love of power is the 
cause of evil. 

The praises of men are 
vain. 



Donum rationis est ex be- 
nevolo Deo. 

Amor potestatis est causa 
mall. 

Laudes hominum sunt va- 
nae. 

Aquilai habent nldos in 
rupibus. 

Veneratio legum est sa- 
crum officium. 

Phllosophia est mater ar- 
tium. 

Erat plijvia cum multa 
grand ine. 

Janua habet seneam ima- 
ginem. 



Eagles have nests in the 

cliffs. 
Reverence of the laws is a 

sacred duty. 
Philosophy is the mother 

of the arts. 
There was rain with much 

hail. 
The door has a brazen 

image. 



II. 



The oration of Cicero was 

grand. 
The reward of humility is 

dignity. 
Our death is the end of life 

and cares. 



Oratio Cicero sum magni^ 

fica. 
Praemium humilitas sum 

dignitas. 
Mors nostra sum finis vita 
et ciira. 



32 



LATIN LESSONS. 



There are many leaves on 

our trees. 
The virgins have flowers in 

their hair. 
Sickles are the instruments 

of the reapers. 



Slim multa frons in nostra 

arbor. 
Virgo habeo flos in suus 

crinis. 
Falx sum instriimentum 

messor. 



EXERCISES ON NOUNS IN c, «, Z, 6, t^ av^ men^ ur^ us, 
I. 



Lac est cibus infantum. 
Leo est rex terrestrium ani- 

malium. 
Poemata Homeri sunt pul- 

chra. 
Erant sedilia in teneris 

herbis. 
Modus carminum erat inci- 

tatiis. 
Capita eqiioriim fuerant 

vulnerata. 
Homines habent calcaria 

in calcibus. 
Nemora hab^bant multas 

feras. 



Milk is the food of infants. 
The lion is king of ter- 
restrial animals. 
The poems of Homer are 

beautiful. 
There were seats in the 

tender grass. 
The measure of the songs 

was animated. 
The heads of the horses 

had been wounded. 
The men have spurs on 

their heels. 
The groves had many wild 

beasts. 



n. 



The rivers of the country 

are large. 
Gold is the reward of the 

contest. 
The boys have contests in 

the hall. 



Fliimen regio siim mag- 
num. 

Aurum sum prsemium cer- 
tamen. 

Puer habeo certamen in 
aula. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



33 



The bodies of the men are 
strong. 

In the sea are huge mon- 
sters. 

The Hydra had many heads 



Corpus homo sum vali- 

dum. 
In mare sum magna bel- 

lua. 
Hydra habeo multum caput 



EXERCISES ON GREEK NOUNS IN is, ys, BUS, aS, obs, ol, aVy €71, StC. 



Am6r pastoris Daphnidis grat 

cartis. 
Regina habet Belida servam. 
Arabes sunt nefandi praedones. 
Amor Didus eratfunestus. 
Orpheu ! tua lyra est magica. 
Marylandia habet Annapolin 

Metropolin. 



The love of the shepherd Da- 

phnis was dear. 
The queen has Belis as a slave. 
The Arabs are dreadful robbers. 
The love of Dido was fatal. 
Orpheus! thy lyre is magical. 
Maryland has Annapolis as its 

Metropolis. 



II. 



His ring has a diamond. 

The boys have great torches in 

their right hands. 
Venus had Adonis as a lover. 
Callisto was mother of Areas. 
Greece had many heroes. 



Annultis habeo adamas. 

Puer habeo magna lampas in 

dextra. 
Venus habeo Adonis amatOr. 
Callisto sum mater Areas. 
Graecia habeo multus heros. 



THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 

The Fourth Declension, known by the Genitive 
singular in uSj has two terminations, us and u ; as, 
fructus, cornu. 

RULE FOR THE GENDER. 



Nouns of the Fourth in -w5 are masculine ; 
But those in -w, as neuter we decline. 



34 



LATIN LESSONS. 



MASCULINES IN US AND NEUTERS IN U. 



Fructvis^ fruity m. 



Singular. 
"N. fructus, 
G. fructus, 
D. fructui, 
A. fructum, 
V. fructus, 
A. fructu. 



Plural. 
N. fructus, 
G. fructuum, 
D.fructibus, 
A. fructus, 
y. fructus, 
A. fructibus. 



Cornu, a horn^ n. 



Singular. 
N. cornu, 
G. cornu, 
D. cornu, 
A. cornu, 
V. cornu, 
A. cornu. 



Plural; 
N. cornu 1 
G. corni 
D. cornib: , 
A. cornui , 
V. cornua, 
A. cornibus. 



IRREGULAR DECLENSION. 



Domtis, a house, and some other nouns, partake partly of the 
forms of both the second and fourth declensions. 



Siiigular. 
Nom. haec domtis, 
Gen. domiis, vel domi, 

Dat. d6mui, vel domo. 

Ace. domtim, 

Voc. domiis, 

Abl. d5m6. 



Plural. ' 

Nom. domtis. 

Gen. domorum, vel d6mtitim, 
Dat. domibtis. 
Ace. domos, vel domuSj 
Voc. domiis, 
Abl. domibtis. 



These nouns have the Dative and Ablative plural in uhus. 

actis, a needle ; arttis, a joint ; partus, a birth ; specus, a cave; 
arciis, a bow; lactis, a lake ; quercus, an oak; tribus, a tribe. 

Porttis, tonitrus and verti, have Dat. and Abl. plural in ibus 
and ubus. 

EXERCISES ON NOUNS IN W5, AND U. 



Fructus terrae sunt multi et 

boni. 
Est abundantia fructuum 

in Sicilia. 



The fruits of the earth 
are many and good. 

There is an abundance of 
fruit in Sicily. 



LATIN LE SS ONSo 



3# 



Eventus belli sunt valde 

incertL 
Duces exercituiim sunt 

gavidi. 
.^ V4rtus cornuum erat for- 
40^.41(161 OS lis. 
iBttiiiines habent equos in 

^urribus. 
Quaestus milltumsunt mag 

ni. 
Cirrus habent laceras ro- 

taSc 
Erant darisona tonitrua 

in coelo. 
Genua sunt infirma ob 

senectutem, 
Suntquinque sensus; visus, 

auditus, oddratus, gustus, 

tactiis. 



The events of the war 

are very uncertain. 
The leaders of the armies 

are timorous. 
The sound of the horns 

was fearful. 
The men have horses in 

the chariots. 
The gains of the soldiers 

are great. 
The chariots have broken 

wheels. 
There were loud thun- 

derings in heaven. 
The knees are weak through 

old age. 
There are five senses*, sight, 
hearing, smell, taste^ 
touch. 



Ripe fruits are juicy and 

eatable. 
The fruit of oaks, is the 

food of swine. 
The girl has a bow, in her 

hand. 
Dogs are the guards of 

houses and gardens. 
The cooks have thrushes 

on spits. 
The knees are parts of the 

human body. 
In the waves of the Ocean, 

is danger. 



Matiirus fructiis sum suc- 

c5sus et esculentiis. 
Fructiis quercus sum pa- • 

buliim porcus, 
Puella habeo arcus in 

manus. 
Canis sum custds domus 

et hortus. 
Coquus habeo turdus in 

veru. 
Genu sum pars humaniim 

corpus. 
fn fluctus Oceanus sum 

periculum. 



36 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 

The Fifth Declension, known by the Genitive 
singular in ei, has only one termination, namely, 
es J as, res, a thmg, 

RULE FOR THE GENDER. 

The Fifth has feminines which end in es^ 
Except the nouns dies^ merldies. 

Dies is masculine and feminine in the singular, 
and masculine in the plural ; meridies is masculine. 



ReSj a thing, fem. 
Sing, Plur. 



N. res, 
G. rei, 
D. rei, 
A. rem, 
V. res, 
A. re. 



N. res, 
G. rerum, 
D. rebus, 
A. res, 
V. res, 
A. rebus. 



Dies, a day^ mas. &, fem. 
Sing. Plur, 



N. dies, 

G. diei, 

D. diei, 

A. diem, 

y. dies, 

A. die. 



N. dies, 
G. dierum, 
D. diebus, 
A. dies, 
V. dies, 
A. diebiis. 



EXERCISES ON NOUNS IN FIFTH DECLENSION. 



Fides sine operibus est 
vana. 

Res conspirationis sunt 
manifestag. 

Spes auxilii est in De5. 

Varii sunt eventus human- 
arum reriim. 

Puella habet pulchram 
faciem. 



Faith without w^orks is 
vain. 

The affairs of the Con- 
spiracy are manifest. 

The hope of aid is in God. 

Various are the events of 
human affairs. 

The girl has a beautiful 
face. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



m 



Sunt variae species planta- 
riim. 

Longitudo dierum est mag- 
na. 



Yitium est causa perniciei. [ Vice is a cause of ruin 



There are various species 

of shrubs. 
The length of the days is 

great. 



There are many forms of 

guilt. 
The love of our republic is 

rare. 
The girl has good hopes of 

success. 
Sadness is often the cause 

of leanness. 
The Ionian sea has a vast 

surface. 
Without faith our works 

are vain. 



Siim multa species flagi- 

tium. 
Amor nostia respublica 

sum rarus. 
Puella habeo bona spes 

successus. 
Moestitia est saepe causa 

macies. 
Mare I5niiim habeo vasta 

superficies. 
Sine fides opiis nostrum 

sum vanum. 



DECLENSION OF COMPOUND NOUNS. 

When a compound noun consists of two simple 
nouns, both in the nominative case, both parts* are de- 
clined ; if only one part is the Nominative, that alone 
is varied. 



A Republic, f. 
First Sf Fifth Dec. 
N. res-pubiiea, 
G. rei-publicae, 
D. rei-ptibJicae, 
A. rem-publieam, 
V. res-ptiblica, 
A. re -public a. 

4 



Singular, 

An oath, n. 
Second ^ Third Dec. 
jus-jurandum, 
juris-jurandi, 
juri-jurando, 
jus-jurandum, 
jus-jurandum, 
jure-jurando. 



A father of a family. 
First ^ Third Dec. 
pater-familias, 
patris-familias, 
patri-familias, 
patrem-familias, 
pater-iamilias, 
patre-familias. 



^38 



LATIN LESSONS, 



Plural. 

'N. res-publicas, I jura-juranda, Ipatres-familiarum, 

''-G.rerum-publicarum ! jurum-JLirand6rum, patrum-familiamm, 
D. rebus-publicisj i juribus-jurandis, ipatribus-familiarum, 
A. res-publicas, i jura-juranda, ipatres-famTl'arum, 

V. res-pubiicae, i juia-juranda, Ipatrts-familiarum, 

-A. rebus-publicis. I juribus-jurandls. ipatribus-familiarum. 

ADJECTIVES. 

An Adjective is a word added to a substantive, 
to express some quality or attribute ; as, leniSy mild ; 
filix^ happy. 

Adjectives are declined like nouns with Number, 
Gender and Case. 

They have two forms of declension : of the First 
and Second Declensions united ; and of the Third De- 
clension singly. 

THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions 
united, have three terminations, and end as follows : 

m, f, n. 

In -ti5, -a, -nm ; like ddmlnus^ stelld^ donum. 

In -er, -era, -erum ; like puer^ stelld^ donum. 

In -er, -rd^ -rum ; like dger^ stelld^ donum. 



Bonus, bona, bonum, good. 



Sing. m. f. n. 

N. bonijs, bona, bonum, 

G. boni, bonae, bom, 

D. b6n5, bonae, b6n5, 
A. bonum, bonam, bonum, 

V. bone-, bona, bonum, 

A. bono, bona, bono. 



Plur. m. f. n. 

N. boni, bonse, bona, 

G. bon-orum, -arum,-orum, 
D. bonis, bonis, bonis. 



A. bonos, 
V. boni, 
A. bonis. 



bonas, bona, 
bonae, bona, 
boniSj bonis. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



39 



Tener, tenera, tenerum, tender. 
Plur. m. f. 



Sing, m f. n. 

N. tener, tenera, teneriim, 
G. teiieri, tenerae, teneri, 
D. tenerd^ tenerae, tenero, 
A. tener-um, -am, -um, 
V. tener, tenera, tenerum, 
A. tener 5, tenera, tenero. 



N. tenerii, tenerae, tenera, 
G. tener-orum,-arum,-oriim 
D. teneris, teneris, teneris, 
A. teneros, ten eras, tenera, 
V. teneri, tenerae, tenera, 
A. teneris, teneris, teneris. 



S^mifir^ exUr^ prosper, gibber, miser, dsper, lacer, and all 
compounds in fer and ger ; as, cyprlfer, bellig^r, are declined 
like Uner ; all other adjectives in er of this form, lose the e, and 
are declined like Niger, as follows: 



III. 



Niger, nigra, nlgriim. Mack. 



Sing, m. f. n. 

N.niger, nigra, nigrum, 

G. nigrl, nigrae, nigrl, 

D. nigrd, nigrae, nigro, 
A. nigrum, nigram nigrum, 

V. niger, nigra, nigrum, 

A. nIgro, nigra, nlgr5. 

Study with the above, the 
page 42. 

IRREGULAR 



Plur. m, f. n. 

N. nigri, nigrae, nigra, 
G. nigrdrum, -arum -orum, 

D. nigrls, nigrls, nigris, 

A. nigrds, nigras, nigra, 

V. nIgrI, nigrae, nigra, 

A. nigrls, nigrls, nigrls. 

corresponding exercises on 

DECLENSION. 



The following have their Gen. in ius and Dat. in i. 
Vniis et /o/i/sque, dlluso^ue solus., 
Ullus et nullus^ -Ithet ac ita alter., 
JYeuter et -tervis^ uter ac uterque^ 
Mieruter sic. 

The compounds Utervls, Uterlibet, make also 4us and -i. 



40 



LATIN LESSONS 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLEXSIOX. 

Some adjectives of third declension have one termi- 
nation ; some two ; others three terminations. 

I. OF OXE TERMiXATIOX. 

Felix, happy. 

Sing. m. f. n. j Flur. m. f. n. 

N. feiix, felix, felix, N. felices, felices, felicia, 

G. felicis, felicis, felicis, j G. felicium, -lum, mm, 

D. felici, felici, fell 



A. felicem, felicem. felix, 



V. felix, 
A. felice. 



felix, 
or 



felix, 
felici. 



Si7ig. m. f. 



D. felicibus,felicibus,-bus, 
A. felices, felices, felicia, 
V. felices, felices, felicia, 
A. felicibiis,felicibus,-bus. 

Prudens, pfrudent. 

n. } Plur. 711. f. n. 

N.prad-ens, -ens, -ens, i N. pruden-tes, -tes, -tia, 
G. prud-entis, -entis, -entis | G. pruden-tium-tium,-tium, 
D. prud-enti, -enti, -enti, D. pruden-tibus-tibus-tibus 
A. prud-entem,-entem,-ens, A. pruden-tes, -tes, -tia, 
V. prud-ens, -ens, -ens, V. priiden-tes, -tes, -tia, 
A. prud-ente, or -enti. | A. pruden-tibus-tibus-tibus 
Study with the above the exercises on page 43. 

II. OF TWO TER>II.\ATIOXS. 



Lenis, lenis, lene; mild, 

Sing. m. f. 

N. lenis, lenis, 

G. lenis, lenis, 

D. leni, leni, leni, 

A. lenem, lenem, lene, 

V. lenis, lenis, lene, 

A. leni, leni, leni. 



n. j Plur. m. f. 71. 

lene, ! N. lenes, lenes, lenia. 

lenis, G. lenium, leniijm, leniiim, 
D. lenibiis,lenibus,lenibus, 
A. lenes, lenes, lenia, 
V. lenes, lenes, lenia, 
A. lenibiis,lenibus,lenibus. 



Study with the above the exercises on page 43. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



«1 



Lenior, lenior, lenius ; milder. 



Sing, m. f. n. 
N. leaior, lenior, lenius, 
G. lenToris,leni6ris,leni6ris 
D. leniori, leniori, leniori, 
A. leai-5rem, -orem, -lis, 
V. lenTor, lenior, lenius, 
A. leniore, or lenidri. 



Plur, m. /. n. 

N. lenior-es, -es, -a, 

G. lenior-um, -urn, -uni, 

D. leniori-bus, -bus, -bus, 

A. lenior-es, -es, -a, 

V. len]5r-es, -es, -a, 

A. Ieni5ri-bus, -bus, -bus. 



Study with the above, the exercises on page 43. 



III. OF THREE TERMINATIONS. 



Acer, vel acris, acris, acre, sharp. 



Sing. m. f. n. 

IN", acer or acris,acris, acre, 
G. acris, acris, acris, 

D. acri, acri, acri, 

A. acrem, acrem, acre, 
V. acer,or acris,acris, acre, 
A. acri, acri, acri. 



Pliir. m. f. n. 

N. acres, acres, acria, 
G. acrium, acriiim, acrium, 
D. acribiis,acribiis,acribus, 
A. acres, acres, acria, 
V. acres, acres, acria, 
A. acribus,acribus,acribijs. 



Study with the above, the exercises on page 43. 

Campester^ volucer^ celeher^ celer^ atque, sdluber^ 
Syhesterque pedester^ equester^ j^^^ge, pdluster^, 
aldcer^ are alone declined like acer; but, ceUr retains 
e before r. 



RULES FOR ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

1. Adjectives of the Third Declension have e or i inj 
the Ablative singular. 

2. But if the Neuter be in e, the Ablative has i only. 

3. The Genitive plural ends in ium^ and the Neuter • 
of the a. 

4* 



92 



LATIN LESSONS. 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND SECOND 
DECLENSION. 

. I. 



Nulla potentia est longa. 
Nidi corvorum, sunt mag- 

ni. 
Rubrae rosae sunt in nostris 

hortis. 
Multa mala erant sub ar- 

bore. 
Apr! habent setosa dor- 

sa. 
Cervi habent ramosa cor- 

nua. 
Corvi sunt nigri, columbae 

albae. 
Verus amicus est thesaurus 

bonus. 
Pincerna habet aurea pocu- 

la. 
Prata habent nitidum et 

tenerum gramen. 



No power is lasting. 

The nests of crows are 
large. 

Red roses are in our gar- 
dens. 

Many apples were under 
the tree. 

Wild boars have bristly 
backs. 

The stags have branching 
horns. 

Crows are black, doves 
white. 

A true friend is a good 
treasure. 

The butler has golden 
bowls. 

The meadows have beauti- 
ful and tender grass. 



II. 



An honest life has a good 
end. 

The fair roses had sharp 
thorns. 

The color of her eyes is 
black. 

Human hopes are vain. 

The lions have sharp teeth. 

The large houses have am- 
ple halls. 

With God there is not any 
distinction of persons. 



Probus vita habeo bonus 
finis. 

Pulcher rosa habeo aciita 
spina. 

Color suiis o cuius sum 
niger. 

Humanus spes sum vanus. 

Leo habeo aciitiis dens. 

Magnus domiis habeo amp- 
la aula. 

Apud Deus non sum uUa 
distantia persdna 



LATIN LESSONS. 



43 



EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



Caelum est domicilium fe- 

licium. 
Vita est brevis et ars longa. 
Philosophia est mater 

omnium artium. 
Facilis est descensus Aver- 

ni. 
Potestas regum est peren- 

nis. 
Spes juvenum sunt arden- 

tes. 
Casae agricolarum sunt 

humiles. 
Fortis dux habet fortes 

milites. 
Nullum pectus est vacuum 

ab acribus curis. 



Heaven is the abode of the 

happy. 
Life is short and art long. 
Philosophy is the mother 

of all arts. 
Easy is the descent of 

Avernus. 
The power of kings is 

lasting. 
The hopes of youths are 

ardent. 
The cottages of the country- 
men are humble. 
A brave general has brave 

soldiers. 
No breast is free from 

sharp cares. 



II. 



The soldiers of the light 
infantry are in the hall. 

The boys are happy in a 
good school. 

The speech of the prudent 
is considerate. 

Death is the common end 
of all. 

The elephant is a large ter- 
restrial animal. 

The fathers of the noble vir- 
gins are in a great prison. 



Miles levis armatiira sum 

in aula. 
Puer sum felix in bonus 

schola. 
Sermo prudens sum con- 

sideratus. 
Mors sum communis finis 

omnis. 
Elephantus siim magniis 

terrestris animal. 
Pater nobilis virgo sum in 

magnus career. 



44 LATINLESSONS. 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives which are capable of having their sig- 
nification increased or diminished, are compared; 
as, longiis, long; lenis, 7nild, 

Adjectives whose signification is definite or Kmited, 
cannot be compared; as, diurnus, daily; triplex, three- 
fold. 

1. There are three degrees of comparison, the Posi- 
tive^ Comparative and Su/perlaiive. 

2. The Positive simply declares a quality ; as, lon- 
gus, long; lenis, 77iild. 

3. The Comparative heightens or lessens the quality 
of the Positive ; as, longior, longer^ more long; lenior, 
milder, more mild. 

4. The Superlative heightens or lessens the quality 
of the Positive to a very high or very low degree; as, 
longissimus, longest^ most long^ very long; lenissimus, 
mildest^ most mild^ very mild. 

FORMATIOX OF THE DEGREES. 

1. The Positive is the theme and foundation. 

2. The Comparative is formed from the first case of 
the Positive in ?', by adding to it or; thus, G. Ibngi^ lon- 
gior^ D. leni^ lenior. 

3. The Superlative is also formed from the first case 
of the Positive in i, by adding thereto -ssimus; as, longi^ 
longissimus; leni^ lemssimus. 

4. Adjectives, fully compared, stand thus : 

Pos. Comp. Super. Pgs. Comp. Super. 

Longus, longior, longissimus ; lenis, lenior, lenissimus. 

5. But facilis.) facillimiis; difficilis., dijicillimus; hu- 
mills,, humillimus; similis^ similUmus; dissimzlis^ dis^ 
similUmus. 

7. If the Positive ends in cr, the Superlative is 



LATINLESSONS. 45 

formed by adding -rhnus to the Nominative ; thus, 
iener^ tenerrimus; dcer^ acerrzmus. 

7. Vetus^ vetensj from the old veter^ make veterzor^ 
veterrimus. 

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. 

1. B6nus, melior, optimtis, good, better, best. 
Maliis, pejor, pessimtis, bad, worse, worst. 
Magniis, raaj6r, maximtis, great, greater, greatest. 
Parvus, mtn6r, minimiis, little, less, (lesser) least. 
Multtis, plus, n. plurimtis, much, more, most. 
Dives, diti6r, ditissimtis, rich, richer, richest. 
Senex, seni6r, maxTmus natu, old, elder, eldest. 

Jti vents, juni6r, mintmtis natu, young, younger, youngest. 
Maturus, matuiior, maturriintis, early, earlier, earliest. 

2. Nequam, nequi6r, nequissimus, idle, idler, idlest — naughty. 
Citra, clterior, citimtis, on this side, hither, hithermost. 
Infra, inferior, infimtis, et imus, beneath, lower, lowest. 
Intra, interior, intimus, within, inner, inmost, inward. 
Extra, exterior, extremus, et extimtis, without, outer, outmost. 
Supra, superior, supremus, et suramus, above, higher, highest. 
Postgrtis, posterior, postremtis, et posthtimus, after, later, last, 

latest. 
Ultra, ulterior, ultimus, beyond, farther, farthest. 
Pr5p6, prQpnor, proximus, near, nearer, nearest, next. 
Pridem, prior, primus, late, former, first, best, chief. 

3. Compounds in dtcus, ficus, l6quus, and volus, have entior, and 

entissimus, thus : 

Maledicus, maledicentior, maledic^ntissimus, railing. 

Eeneflctis, beneficentior, beneficentissimtis, kind. 

Grandil6quus, grandil6quentior, grandiloquentissimus, gran- 
diloquent. 

Bengv6lus, bengvolentior, benevolentissimtis, benevolent. 

MalevOltis, malevolentior, malevolentissimus, ill-natured. 

EXERCISES ON COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 
PRELIMINARY RULES. 

1. The Comparative degree governs the Abla- 
tive whose sign is than. 

2. The Superlative degree governs the genitive 
plural. 



46 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Patria est dulcior vita. 
Argentum est villus auro. 
Lednes sunt ferdciores lu- 

pis. 
Animiis est ndbilior cor- 

pore. 
Libertas est melior gemmis. 

Cervi sunt timidissima ani- 

malium. 
Justitia est praestantissima 

virtiitum. 
Cicero erat facundissimus 

oratdrum. 
Vashingt5nius fuit fortis- 

simus ducum. 



Country is svt^eeter than life 

Silver is cheaper than gold. 

Lions are fiercer than 
wolves. 

The mind is more noble 
than the body. 

Liberty is better than jew- 
els. 

Stags are the most timid of 
animals. 

Justice is the most excellent 
of virtues. 

Cicero was the most elo- 
quent of orators. 

Washington was the bra- 
vest of generals. 



The girl is fairer than snow. 

The king of England is old- 
er than his sister. 

Dogs are swifter than hares. 

Croesus is the richest of 
men. 

Moses was more meek than 
his brother Aaron. 

Bucephalus was the most 
noble of horses. 

Of all things calumny is the 
most injurious. 

The king has very great au- 
thority. 



Puella sum candidior nix. 

Rex Anglia siim senior sor- 
or. 

Cams sum celerior lepus. 

Croesus sum ditissimus ho- 
mo. 

M5ses sum mitior fratre 
Aaron. 

Bucephalus sum nobilissi- 
mus equus. 

Omnis res calumnia siim 
n5centissimus. 

Rex habeo maximiis aucto- 
ritas. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



47 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. 



Nihil est melius mente et 

ratidne. 
Carta pax est melior sperata 

victoria. 
Error est maliis, defensio 

erroris pejor, sed men- 

daciiim pessimiim. 
Jacobiis est jiinior fratrum. 

Nemo est maledicentior 

invido. 
Nemo est benevolentior 

imperat5re. 



Nothing is better than mind 

and reason. 
Certain peace is better than 

expected victory. 
Error is bad, the defence 

of error worse, but lying 

the worst. 
James is the younger of the 

brothers. 
No one is more slanderous 

than an envious person. 
No one is more benevolent 

than the commander. 



He has a better house than 

his brother John. 
The girl has a larger dowry 

than her mother. 
The mouse is the smallest 

of all the quadrupeds. 
The gifts of Pompey were 

most splendid. 



Habeo bonus domus frater 

Joannes. 
Puella habeo magnus dos 

mater. 
Mus sum parvus omnis 

quadrupes. 
Doniim Pompeius sum ma- 

gnificus. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

1. Numeral adjectives are principally of three classes : 
Cardinal, Ordinal and Distributive. 

2. Cardinals are those which answer the question, 
Quot? how many ? as, uniis, one ; duo, two. 

3. Ordinals denote order ; as, primiis, Jlrst ; secun- 
dus, second. 

4. Distributives indicate division among several per- 
sons or things j as, singuli, one hy one; bini, two by two. 



m 



LATIN LESSONS. 



CARDINAL S. 



Unxfs .one T. 

Duo two II. 

Tres three III. 

Quatudr .four IIII. or IV. 

Quinque .five V. 

Sex six. VI. 

Septem seven VII. 

Octo ei%-M VIII. 

Novem 7iine Villi, or IX. 

Decern ten X. 

Undecim eleven XI. 

Duodecim , . .twelve XII. 

Tredecim thiiieen XIII 

Quataordecim . . . .fourteen XIIII. or XIV 

Quindecim .fifteen XV. 

SexdecTra sixteen XVI. 

SeptendecTm seventeen XVII. 

Octodecim eighteen XVIIL 

Novemdecim nineteen, X Villi, or XIX. 

VigintT twenty XX. 

Viginti ilntis twenty-one XXI. 

Vifxinti duo, &c twenty-two XXII. 

Trisrinta thirty XXX. 

Triginta tinus thirty-one XXXI. 

Quadraginta .forty XXXX. or XL. 

Quadraglntaunus... .forty -one XXXXI. or XLI. 

Quinquaginta .fifty L. 

Sexaginta sixty LX. 

Septuaginta seventy LXX. 

Octoglnta eighty LXXX. 

Nonaginta ninety LXXXX. or XC. 

Centum one hundred C. 

Ducenti, -86, -a, two hundred CC. 

Trecenli, -25, -a,. . . .three hundred CCC. 

Quadrlngent-i, -ae, -a,four hundred CCCC. 

Quincent-i, -ae, -a. ...five hundred 10. orD 

Sexcent-T, -ae, -a. . . .six hundred IOC. or DC 

Sepllngent-i, -ae, -a. .sevenhundred lOCC. or DCC. 

Octino-ent-i, -s, -a., .ei^ht hundred lOCCC. or DCCC. 

Nonge'nti, -ae, -a nine hundred lOCCCC.orDCCCC. 

Mille one thousand CIO. or M. 

Five hundred was marked lO, afterwards changed to D. 

A thousand was marked CIO, afterwards changed M, the ini- 
tial of Mille. 



LATINLESSONS. 49 



ORDINALS DISTRIBUTIVES. ADVERBS. 

Primus, first, Sinojtili, se, a Semel, once. 

Secundus, second,.. .Bini Bis, twice, 

Tertius, third Terni Ter, thrice, &c 

Quartus Quaterni Quater. 

Quintus Quini Quinquies. 

Sextus Seni Sexies. 

Septimus Septeni Septies. 

Octavus Octoni Octies. 

Nonus Noveni Novies. 

Decimus Deni Decies. 

Undecimus Undeni Undecies. 

DuSdecimus Duodeni Duodecies. 

Decimus tertius Tredeni, terni, deni..Terdecies. 

Decimus quartus. . . .Quaterni deni, Quaterdecies. 

Decimus quintus . . .Quindeni Quindecies. 

Decimus sextus Seni deni Sedecies. 

Decimus septimus. .Septeni deni Decies et septies, 

Decimus octavus. . .Octoni deni DuodevTcies. 

Decimus nonus .... .Noveni deni Undevicies. 

Vigesimus Vlceni, Vicies. 

Vigesiraus primus . . Viceni singtili Semel et vicies. 

Trigesimus Triceni Tricies. 

Quadragesimus Quadrageni Quadragies. 

Quinquagesimus. .. .Quinquageni Quinquagies. 

Sexagesimus Sexageni Sexagies. 

Septuagesimus Septtiageni Septuagies. 

Octogesimus Octogeni Octogies. 

Nonagesimus Nonageni Nonagies. 

Centesimus Centeni Centies. 

Ducentesimus Diiceni Ducenties. 

Trecentesimus Trecenteni Trecenties 

Quadringentesimus...Quatercenteni Quadringenties. 

Quingentesimus Quinquies centeni.. .Quingenties. 

Sexcentesimus SexTes centeni Sexcenties. 

Septingentesimus.. ..Septies centeni Septingenties. 

Octingentesimus Octies centeni Octingenties. 

Nongentesimus Novies centeni Noningenties. 

Millesimus Milleni Millies. 

Bis millesimus Bis milleni Bis millies. 

Decies millesimus.. .Decies milleni Decies millies. 

Centies millesimus. .Centies milleni Centies millies. 



^ 



I. A T I xV L E S S xN S . 



DECLENSIOX OF NUMERALS. 

1. Of the Cardinals, w?2z^.s and duo are irregular; ires 
is declined like the plural of Unis; those from quatuor 
to centum are indeclinable, and from centum to mille^ 
are declined like the plural of bonus. 

2. Cardinals are declined like bonus; Distributives 
like the plural of bonus. 

Duo and Tres are thus declined : 



Singulari caret, Plur. 



Singiddri caret, Plur, 

m, f. n. 

N. duo, duas, duo, 

G. du-oriim,-arum, orum, 
D. du-5bus, du-abus, -obiis, 
A. duos,i;. duo,diias,duo, 
V. dijo, duae, du5, 

A du-obus, du-abiis, -obus. 

1. Ambo, both, is declined like duo. 

2. Mille, the substantive, is thus declined : Norn. Ace. mille, 
Abl. inilli, Plur. Norn. Ace. millia; Dat. and Abl. millibus. 

3. But Mille^ the adjective, wants the singular, and is inde- 
clinable in the plural. 

EXERCISES ON NUMERALS. 



m. 


/• 


n. 


N. tres. 


tres, 


tria. 


G. triiim. 


trium. 


trium, 


D. tribiis, 


tribus. 


tribus, 


A. tres, 


tres. 


tria, 


V. tres, 


tres, 


tria. 


A. tribus, 


tribiis, 


tribiis. 



Est uniis Deus CceIi et 
terras. 

Homo habet duas manus et 
duos pedes. 

Sunt tres Furise et tres Par- 
cse in mythdlogia poeta- 
rivm. 

Annias habet quatuor tem- 
po ra ver,3estatem, autum- 
niim et hiemem. 



There is one God of Hea- 
ven and earth. 

A man has two hands and 
two feet. 

There are three Furies and 
three Fates in the my- 
thology of the poets. 

The year has four seasons, 
Spring, Summer, Autumn, 
and Winter. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



St 



In spatio ducentorum ann5- 

rum, sunt duo ssecula. 
In tertio anno dominatus 

reginae Victdriae. 
In ducentesimo anno ex 

diluvid. 
In millesini5 octingentesi- 

m5 anno mundi. 



In the space of two hundred 

years, are two ages. 
In the third year of the 

reign of Queen Victoria. 
In the two hundredth year 

from the flood. 
In the eighteen hundredth 

year of the world. 



II. 



The captain has two large 
ships. 

The dog Cerberus had three 
heads. 

The general had ^ye hun- 
dred armed soldiers. 

The temple had seven hun- 
dred columns. 

September is the ninth 
month of the year. 

October is the tenth month 
of the year. 

In the year one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty 
four, Washington was 
President. 



Navaichus habeo duo mag- 
niis navis. 

Canis Cerberiis habeo tres 
caput. 

Diix habeo quincenti arma- 
tus miles. 

Templum habeo septingen- 
ti columna. 

September sum n5nus men- 
sis anniis. 

Octdber sum decimus men- 
sis annus. 

In annus millesimus, sep- 
tingentesimiis, octogesi- 
miis quartus Vashing- 
t5nius sum Praeses. 



PRONOUNS. 

A Pronoun is a part of speech used instead of a 
Noun^ to avoid too frequent repetition of the same 
word, as : 

Marcus Tullius dmdvit cives^ et illi dmdveruni 
ilium. Mark Tully loved the citizens, and they loved 
him. 

Pronouns are divided into two principal classes; 
Substantive, and Adjective Pronouns. 



52 



LATIN LESSONS, 



SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Substantive pronouns are so called, because they have 
a substantive relation, and stand in the place of nouns, 
and never with them : They are, Ego^ tu^ sui. 

DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 



I. Singular, 
N.Ego, i, myself,, 

G. mei, of me, of myself 
D. mihi, to me,) myself 
A. me, me, myself 

V. 

A. me, with,) from,) in^ hy^ 7ne, 

II. Singular, 

N. til, thou,, you,) yourself 
G. tui, oftliee^ you^ yourself 
D, iihi,)to thee ^you^ yourself 
A. te, thee^ you,, yourself 
V. tii, thou,) you,) 
A. ie,withthee^you,)yourself 

III. Singular, 

N. 

G. sm,)Of himself herself ^c. 
D. sibi,^o hi7nself her self &LC. 
A, se^himse If herse If Use If 

V. 

A. se, with himself herself. 



Plural, 
N. n5s, we,) ourselves,) 
G. nostrum, ?;. nostri, of us^ 
D, ndbis, to us^ to ourselves^ 
A. n5s, iis, ourselves,) 

V. 

A. n5bis, with us^ ourselves. 

Plural. 
N. vos, ?/e, you.) yourselves^ 
G. vestrum, v . vestri, of you,) 
D. vobis, to you,) yourselves^ 
A. vos, you,) yourselves.) 
V. vos, O ye,) you,, — — 
A.vobi^^with you^yourse Iv es. 

Plural, 

N. 

G. sui, of themselves.) 
D. sibi, to themselves.) 
A. se, themselves.) 

V. 

A. se, with themselves. 



Egomtt^ the compound, is declined like Ego; met is not varied. 
Tut^i the compound, is declined like tu; but ie is not varied. 
G. sui sui, D. sibi sibi, A. se se, V. A. se se. 

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective Pronouns are so called, because they stand 
comiected with nouns, after the manner of adjectives: 



LATIN LESSONS. 



m 



They are, Ille^ ipse^ iste^ hic^ is^ quis^ qui^ meus^ tuuSj 
suus^ noster^ v ester ^ nostras^ vestras^ cujds^ and cujus. 

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 



Plural, 
m, f, n. 
N. illi,illae, ilia, they^ those j 
G. ill- 5rum, -arum,-5rum, 
D. illis, illis, illis, to those^ 
A. ill5s, illas, ilia, those^ 

V. illi,illae, illa,0 those^ 

A. illis,illis, illis, by those, 

Iste, ista, istud, he, she, that, is declined like ille. 

Ipse, ipsa, ipstlm, himsetf, herself, itself, is also declined like 
ille ; but ipse makes ipsum, not ipsud, in the Nominative, Accu- 
sative, and Vocative singular Neuter. 



Singular, 
m. f n, 
N.ille,illaillud,?ie,s/ie,/A«/,i/ 
G. illius,illius, illius,o/*Am, 
D. lUi, illi, illi, to him/her ^ it^ 
A. illum,illam,illud,A?'m,/i^r 

V. ille,illa,illud,0 that^ 

A, ill5,illa,illo,?(^^A him/her. 



Singular, 
m, f. n. 
N. hie, hsec, hoc, this.^ 
G. hujus,hujus,hiJjus,q/'i(Ai5 
D. huic, huic, huic, to this^ 
A. hunc, hanc, hoc, this^ 
V. hic5h8ec,hoc,i;ia; occwrri^ 
A. hoc, hac, hoc, with this. 

Singulur. 
N. is, ea, id, Ae, sAe, that,, it^ 
G. ejiis,ejiis,ejus,q/'Am,Aer, 
D. ei, ei, ei, to hzm^ her^ it^ 
A. eum, earn, id, him^ her^it^ 

V. ■ ^ 

A. e5, ea,e5,mi/A him/her it. 



Plural, 
m. f. n. 
N. hi, hae, haec, these. 
G. h-5rum, -arum, -5rum, 
D. his, his, his, to these,) 
A. hos, has, haec, these^ 

V. hi, hae, haec, 

A. his, his, his, with these. 

Plural. 
N. ii, eae, ea, they^ those^ 
G. eorum, earum, edrum, 
D. lis, V. eis, to them^ those^ 
A. eos, eas, ea, them^ those,, 

V. — ' 

A. lis, vel eis, with them. 



Quis, quae, quod, vel quid, who? which? what? (inter- 
rogative.) 

5* 



54 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Singular. 
N. quis, quae,qnod,t'eZ quid? 
G: cujus,ciijus,ciijus,767/05e? 
D. cm, cui, cui, to whom? 
A. quem,qiiam,quod,f.quid? 

V. 

A. q\id<^qudi^qudAvifh whom? 



Plural, 

N. qm,quae, quae, who? 
G.qu5rum,quaram,qu5rum, 
D. quels,!/-. quibus,/o lohom? 
A. quos, quas, quse, whom? 

V. 

A. queis,'u.quibus, %2^/io77i? 



Quis, quse, quod, vel quid, indefinite, any one, is declined like 
quis (interrogative.) 

Qui, quae, quod, who^ which^ that^ (relative.) 

Singular. 
N. qui, quae, quod, who^ 
G. cijjus, cujus, cijjus, 
D. cui, cui, cui, to whom^ 
A. quern, quam, quod, who^ 

V. 

A. quo, qua, qu5, qui^ qui 



qui. 



Plural. 
N. qui, quae, qus, who^ 
G. qu-5rum, -arum, -orum, 
D. queis, vel qaibus, 
A. quos, quas, quse, lohom^ 

V. 

A. queis, vel quibus, hy 
whom. 



Qui the Relative has also qui in the Ablative, in all genders and 
numbers. 

1. Meus, tuus, and suils, are declined like bonus. 

2. Noster and vester, are declined like tener. 

3. Tuus, suus, and vester, v^^ant the Vocative : and, 

4. All nouns and pronouns, which we cannot call 
on, or address ourselves to, have no Vocative. 

5. Noster and meus have the Vocative ; thus : V. 
n5ster, nostra, ndstrum, V. mi, metis, mea, meum, 

COMPOUND PRONOUNS. 

Of the simple pronouns and certain prefixes and ad- 
jections are formed Compound Pronouns, which fol- 
low, for the most part, the form of declension observed 
by their primitives. 



Singular. 
N. idem, eadem, idem, 
G. ejusd6m,ejusdem,ejusdem, 
D. eidem, eidem, eidem, 
A. etindem, eandem, idem, 
V. id6m, eadem, idem, 
A. eodem, eadem, eodem. 



LATINLESSONS. 55 



DECLENSION OF COMPOUND PRONODNS. 

Ego ipse, I myself. 

Sing. Nom. e^o ipse, G. mei ipsius, D. mihi ipsi, A. me ipstim. 
Isie and hie N. isthic, isthaec, isthoc, v, isthuc, that. 
Ace. ist-hunc, -banc, -hoc, v. -hue, A. ist-hoc, ist-hac, ist-hoc 
Nom. plural neuter isthaec, Accusative plural neuter isthaec. 
Idem, the same, compounded of is and dem, is thus declined : 

Plural. 
N. iidem, 6aedem, eadem, 
G. e6run-dem,eartindem,-dem, 
D. eisdem, vel iisdem, 
A. eosdem, easdem, eadem, 
V. lidem, eaedem, eadem, 
A. Gisd6m,vel iisdem. 

Quzs compounded with -nam, -piam^ -quam^ -que^ -quis, 

N. Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam ; vel quidnam ; G. cujusnam, 

&c. who ? 
N. Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, vel quidpiam ; cujuspiam, 

&c. any one. 
N. Quisquam, quaequam, quodquam, i^eZ quidquam ; cujiisquam, 

&c. any one. 
Q. Quisque, quaeque, quodque, vel quidque ; cujusque, &c. every 

one. 
N. Quisquis, , quidquid, vel quicquid , cujuscujus, 

cuicui, whoever. 
Accusative quidquid, vel quicquid. Vocative — , Abl. quoquo, 
qudqud, quoquo, Nom. Ace. plur. neut, qucequce, Dat. and Abl. 
plur. qulbusqulhus. 

Quisquam has also quicquam vel quidquam ; Ace, quenquam 
vel quemquam without the feminine. The plural is scarcely 
used. 

Quls^ compounded with -aZe, — ec — 51 — ne — num, 

N. Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, i?eZ aliquid ; G. alTcujiis&c. 



N. Ecquts, ecqua v, ecquae, ecquod, vel ecqutd ; eccujiis &c. 

who? 
N. Si quis, si qua, si qudd, vel si quid; si cujus, &c. 

any one. 
N. Ne quis, ne qua, ne qu5d, v. ne quid ; ne cujtis, &c. lest 

any one. 
I N. Num quis, num qua, num quod, v. num quid ; num cujtis, 

&c. is there any ? 



66 LATINLESSONS. 

Aliquis, ecquis, siquis, nequis, numqms, have qua in the Nom. 
Sing, feminine, and in the Nominative and Accusative plural 
neuter. 

SiquTs, nequis, numquis, are frequently read separately ; and 
are found thus, si quis, ne quis, num quis. 

Qwi, compounded with -cunque — dam — libet — vis, 

N. QuTcimque, quaecunque, quodcunque ; G. cujusctinque. 
N. Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, v. quiddam ; cujusdam, some, 
N. Quilibet,quaelibet,quodlibet, 2;.quidlibet; cujuslibe t a/iy one, 
N. Quivis, quaevTs, quodvis vel quidvis ; cujusvis, any one, any, 

Nom. unusqulsque, unaquaeque, unumquodque, vel unum- 
quidque. 

Nom. quot-usquisque, -aquseque, -umquodque, -umquidque. 

1. All the compounds of quis and qui, want the vocative ; 
except quisque, dliquls, qmlibit, unusqulsque, and perhaps some 
others. 

2. Quiddm has quendam, qvandam, quoddam, vel quiddam, in 
the Ace. singular; and qubrundam, quarunddm, in the Gen. 
plural ; n being put instead of m, for the better sound. 

3. Quod, allquod, quodvis, quoddam, &c. are used when they 
agree with a substantive in the same case. 

4. Quid, aliqaid, quidvis, quiddam, either have no substantive 
expressed, or, like nouns substantive, govern one in the genitive. 

5. These syllabic adjections -met, -te, -ce, -pte, -cine, msike the 
signification more pointed and emphatical, and sometimes sup- 
ply the measure of poets ; as, egomU, tumet, iute, nosmet, vosmet, 
hujusce, medpte, hiccine. 

6. Of cum, and these ablatives, me, te, se, nobis, vbbis, qui, or 
quo, and quibus, are compounded mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum 
vbblscum, quicum, and quocum, quibuscum. 

EXERCISES ON THE PRONOUNS. 



In me est nuUus timor. 
Apud vos sunt amici. 
Per se homo est impotens. 
Ille est noxius criminis. 
In illis antris sunt dracdnes 
Apud hos, Orgetorix est 
nobilissimus. 



In me is no fear. 
With you are friends. 
Of himself man is weak. 
He is guilty of the crime. 
In these caves are dragons. 
Among these, Orgetorix is 
most noble. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



57 



Discordia est pernicies 

hujus urbis. 
Hie fl5s est albus, ille fl5s 

niger. 
Petrus et Joannes sunt fra- 

tres; ille est stiidi5sus, hie 

ignavus. 
Is puer est frater mei boni 

amiei. 
Quern amicum habet puel- 

la, in molestiis? 
Cujus vita est omnlno in- 

nocens. 



Diseord is the ruin of this 
city. 

This flower is white, that 
flower dark. 

Peter and John are bro- 
thers ; the former is stu- 
dious, the latter idle. 

That boy is the brother of 
my good friend. 

What friend has the girl, in 
her troubles? 

Whose life is entirely in- 
noeent. 



In us is all your hope. 
With you, is the fault of 

this thing. 
Of himself he is powerful. 
The prisons have them in 

custody. 
Whose lives are free from 

blame. 
These are the same men. 
What one of us is free. 
Whoever are pure, are hap- 

py- 

Every one of the caves is 
deep. 



In ego sum omnis tua spes. 
Penes tii, sum culpa hie 

res. 
Per sui ille siim potens. 
Career habeo ille in eusto- 

dia. 
Quis vita sum vacuus ab 

culpa. 
Hie sum idem homo. 
Quisnam ego siam liber. 
Quicunque sum puriis, sum 

felix. 
Unusquisque antrum siim 

profiindus. 



VERBS. 

A Yerb is a word which expresses action, suffer- 
ing, or state of existence of its subject or nomina- 
tive. It is called a verb or word, because it is the 
chief word in a sentence. 



QQ LATINLESSONS. 

1. The principal kinds of verbs are the Active, Pas- 
sive, Neuter, and Deponent. 

2. An Active Verb expresses an action of its nomi- 
native as agent, which affects an object; as, vznco irdm^ 
I conquer anger; vmco hostem^ I conquer the enemy. 

1. Verbs that express an action affecting an object, are some- 
times called Active Transitive, because the action passes over to 
the object. 

2. Verbs that express an action contined to the nominative, 
as, curro, I run, are called Jdive Intransitive. It is better to 
class these latter with neuters, and especially as they are found in 
dictionaries thus arranged. 

3. A Passive Verb expresses the suffering or recep- 
tion of an action by its nominative as recipient; as, 
vincor^ I am conquered ; hostis vincitiir^ the enemy is 
conquered. 

4. A Neuter Verb expresses an action which termi- 
nates Avith its subject, or a state of existence; as, equus 
currit^ the horse runs; liomo sedet., the man sits. 

5. A Deponent Verb, so called from its laying aside 
its active form and passive signification, under the form 
of a passive verb, has the meaning of an active or neu- 
ter verb; as, loquor^ to speak; niorwr^ to die. 

Verbs are called: 

1. Common ; when under a passive form they have both an 
active and a passive signification ; as, crlmmor, I accuse, or I 
am accused. 

2. Neuter-Passive ; when under the mixed forms of active 
and passive, they have a passive signification ; as, fio, to be 
made ; or a neuter signification; as, gaud£o, to rejoice. 

3. Personal ; when the nominative is a person ; as, hoino, 
dmat. the man loves. 

4. Impersonal ; when the nominative cannot be a person ; as, 
nlnglt, it snows ; tondt, it thunders. 

5. Substantive ; w^hen they simply denote existence ; as, sum, 
I am ; exlsto, I exist. 

To Verbs belong Voice^ Mood^ Tense^ JVumher and 
Person. 



L A T 1 N L E S S N S • SB 

VOICE. 

Voice expresses the diffeient circumstances in 
which we consider an object, whether as the 
agent or the recipient of an action. 

1. There are two voices, the Active and the Passive, 

2. The Active Voice is the form in which action is 
affirmed of its nominative. Under this form are in- 
flected active and neuter verbs. 

3. The Passive Voice is the form in M^hich the re- 
ception of an action is affirmed of its nominative. 
Under this form are inflected passive, deponent and 
common verbs. 

MOOD. 

Moods are the various manners of expressing the 
signification of a verb : there are four moods, the 
Indicative^ Subjunctive^ Imperative and Infinitive, 

1. The Indicative mood declares,, or affirms posi* 
lively; as, amo, I love; dmdbdm^ I did love; amor^ 1 
am loved. 

2. The Subjunctive mood is joined to another verb 
or phrase, and represents the action or state expressed 
by the verb as conditional ; as, Sz ddsim fdcidm*) if I 
be present, I will do it. It is sometimes called Poten- 
tial^ because it expresses power; as, dmem.) I can love; 
and Optative,^ because it expresses desire; as, doceam^ 
may I teach ? 

3. The Imperative mood commands, exhorts, or en- 
treats ; as, dmd^ love thou. The Imperative mood al- 
ways wants the first person, both singular and plural. 

4. The Infinitive mood expresses the signification 
of the verb, without limiting it to any number or per- 
son. It has the sign TO commonly prefixed ; as, dmdre^ 
to love. 



60 LATJ^iifiSSONS. 

5. The hifinitive mood is put sometimes for a noun. 
Verbs not in the Infinitive mood are called ^i/it/e verbs. 

TENSE. 

Tenses are fonns of the verb, to express the time 
when any person or thing is supposed to act^ to suf- 
fer^ or to exist. 

1. There are five tenses.^ or times; the PresenU the Im- 
perfect^ the Perfect the PluperfecU and the Future, 

2. The Present tense represents the action of the 
verb in the present time *, as, scr'ibo^ I write, I do write, 
or, I am writing. 

3. The Imperfect tense represents an action as doing 
at some past time, but not then Jinished ; as, scrihehdm^ 
I wrote, I did w^rite, or I w^as WTiting. 

4. The Perfect tense denotes an action as com- 
pleted in some time indefinitely past, or as just com- 
pleted ; as, scrzpsl^ I wrote, I have w^ritten, or, I have 
linished waiting. 

5. The Pluperfect tense denotes the action as more 
than perfectly past^ having been completed before some 
other past event ; as, scrJpserdm^ epistoldm^ I had 
written the letter. 

6. The Future tense represents the action of the 
verb as to take place hereafter ; as, scribdm^ I shall or 
will write. 

NUMBER. 

Nuniber is a form of the verb, to express the unity 
or plurality of its nominative. 

There are two numbers, the Singular and the 
Plural ; as, ego dmo^ I love ; nos dmdmus^ we love. 

PERSON. 

Person is a form of the verb to show the appli- 
cation of its meaning to the subject or nominative. 



LATIN LESSONS. 61 

The persons are three in each number. The first 
person speaks ; the second is spoken to ; and the 
the third is spoken of. 

The following are the personal terminations : 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 

Sing. Plur. Sing, Plur, 

First Person, o-i, or -m, -mus, -r, -mur, 

Second Person, -s, -tis, -ris, -mmi. 

Third Person, -t, -nt, -tiir, -ntur. 

PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 

A Participle is derived from a verb, and is a ver- 
bal adjective, partaki?ig of the nature both of a 
verb and an adjective. 

1. Active verbs have four participles ; the present 
and future in the active voice; as, dmans^ loving; 
dmaturus^ about to love ; and the perfect and future in 
the passive voice ; as dniatus^ loved ; dmdndns^ to be 
loved. 

2. Neuter verbs have the participles of the active 
voice. 

3. Deponent and common verbs have generally the 
participles of both voices ; but the perfect has for the 
most part an active signification ; as, largitus^ having 
bestowed. 

GERUNDS. 

A Gerund is derived from a verb, and is a parti- 
cipial noun in the neuter gender. 

1. A Gerund has the meaning and government of 
the present participle, and the relations and declension 
of an abstract noun. 

They are all of the Second Declension. 
6 



L 



63 LATINLESSONS. 



SUPINES. 

A Supine is derived from a verb, and is a verbal 
noun, having generally the meaning, government, 
and relations of a verb in the infinitive mood. 

1. The Supine in um^ has an active sense \ the supine 
in w, a passive sense. It was anciently a regular noun 
of the fourth declension, with its preposition ; thus, 
Ivi visum 1 went to see, was ivi ad vzsum^ I w^ent for 
seeing ; fdclUs vtsu^ easy to be seen, was fdcilis de 
vtsu^ easy of sight. 

Deponent verbs have both gerunds and supines. 

OF CONJUGATION. 

Conjugation is the classing, or joining together 
all the parts of a verb, according to voice, inood^ 
tense, number, and person, 

1. There are four conjugations of regular verbs, 
which are known by the following marks, or charac- 
ters. 

2. The j^rs/ conjugation has a long before -re, of the 
Infinitive ; as, dmdre^ to love. 

3. The second conjugation has e long before -re, of 
the Infinitive ; as, delere, to destroy. 

4. The third conjugation has e short before -re, of 
the Infinitive ; as, hibere, to drink. 

5. The fourth conjugation has i long before -re, of 
the Infinitive • as, aiidire, to hear. 

REGULAR FORMS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 

Ind. pres. Infin.Perfect. Supine.Ind.pres.Infin. Perfect. 
First Conj. -o, -are, -dvl, -dtum, -or, -dri, -dtus, -sum. 
Second Conj. -eo, -ere, -evl, -etum, -e^or, -eri. -etus, -sum. 
Third Conj. -o, -eYe^ -l, -Hum, -or, -z, -Itus, -sum. 
Fourth Con. -lo, -Iri, -Ivt, -Uum, -lor, -iri, -Uus, -sUm, 



LATINLESSONS, 63 

A verb consists of two parts — the root^ which re- 
mains unchanged \ as, am in dmo^ amdham ; and the 
termination^ which is subject to variation. 

There are four roots of verbs : a primitive or general 
root, which is found in all parts of the verb, and three 
special roots, derived from it. 

In regular forms of verbs of the four conjugations, 
the second root is formed by the additions respectively 
of ar, er, er, ir, to the primitive root ; the third root, by 
the additions of av^ ev^ — , iv ; and the fourth^ by dtu^ 
etu^ ttu^ and Itu. 

THE FORM OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

THE ACTIVE VOICE, 

The Principal Parts. 

Indie. Pres. Lifinitive, Perfect. Supine. 

Am5, amare, amavi, amatum, to love, 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

uj* C 1 Ego amo Ilove^ do love, or am loving^ 
.s < 2 Tu amas. Thou lovest^ or dost love^ or you love* 
^ ( 3 Ille amat, He loves., loveih^ doth love^ or is loving. 

^ C 1 Nos amamus, We love., do love^ or are loving. 
r^ \ 2 Vos amatis, Ye or youlove.,dolove^oYaYeloving, 
^ ( 3 nil amant, They love^ do love^ or are loving. 



THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 



i'\l 
i^h 



Ego amabam, / loved., did love or was loving^ 

2 Tu amabas, You loved^did love or was loving^ 

3 Ille amabat. He loved., did love or was loving. 



* In the second person singular of verbs, you is generally used 
instead of thou ; except in grave and solemn discourse; as, tu, es, 
you are. 



64 LATIJSTLESSONS. 



c. 



K \^ Nosamabamus,PfeZoi;e^,didZoi?e,or wereZouiw^, 

'f < 2 Vos amabatis, Ye loved^did love^orwere loving^ 
■* ( 3 nil amabant. They loved^did love^or were " 

THE PERFECT TENSE. 



55 



1 Ego amavi, / loved^ or have loved^ 



.g < 2 Tu amavisti. You loved^ or have loved.) 

^ ( 3 Ille amavit, He loved, or has loved. 

' 1 Nds amavimus, We loved^ or have loved^ 

- . 2 Vos amavistis, Ye loved., or have loved^ 

^ ( 3 nil amav-erunt, v.-ere, They Zoue^,or have loved, 

THE PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

^^ C 1 Ego amaverara, / had loved^ 
•S < 2 Tu amaveras, You had loved. 

^ ( 3 Ille amaverat, He had loved. 

^ C 1 Nos amaveramus, PTe had loved^ 

r^ < 2 Vos amaveratis, Fe had loved^ 

^ ( 3 Jill amaverant, TAe?/ had loved. 

THE FUTURE TENSE. 

• CI Ego amabo, / shall or will love^ 

.§ < 2 Tu amabis, You shall or will love^ 

^ ( 3 Ille amabit, He shall or will love. 

^ C 1 Nos amabimus, We shall or will love^ 

rg < 2 Vos amabitis, Ye shall or will Zoi^e, 

^ ( 3 nil amabimt, TAe^/ shall or will love. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

THE PRESENT TENSE. 

. C am em, / may or can love^ let me love., may / Zove, 
.g < ames, You may or can love^ may you love., 
^ ( amet. He may or can love^ let Aim love^ may A6 Zoue. ^ 



LATINLESSONS. W 

^ C amemus, We may or can love^let us Zou6,may we love, 
rg < ametis, Ye may or can love^ may you love^ 
^ ( ament, They may or can love^let them Zov e,may they " 



!> 

JS 



0^ 









THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 

amarem, / might, could, would, or should love^ 
amares, You might, could, would, or should love^ 
amaret, He might, could, would, or should love, 
amaremus. We might, could, would, or should love^ 
amaretis, Ye might, could, would, or should love^ 
amarent, TA62/might,could,would,or should Zoz;^. 

THE PERFECT TENSE. 

amaverim, /may, or might have loved^ 

amaveris, You may, or might have loved^ 

amaverit, He may, or might have loved. 

amaverimus, We may, or might have loved^ 

amaveritis, Ye may, or might have loved^ 

amavermt, They may, or might have loved. 



THE PLUPERFECT TENSE. 



20 



^ 

Qs 



amavissem, 

amavisses, 

amavisset, 

amavissemus, 

amavissetis, 

amavissent, 



/ 

You 
He 

We 
Ye 
They 



^ might, 
could, 
would, 
should, 
have^ 
or had 



loved. 



THE FUTURE TENSE. 









amavero, 

amaveris, 

amaverit, 

amaverimus, 

amaveritis, 

amavermt. 



/ shall have loved^ 
Thou shalt have loved^ 
He shall have loved. 
We shall have loved^ 
Ye shall have loved^ 
They shall have loved. 



66 LATINLESSONS. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 

PRESENT TENSE. 

fee ( ama, ^eZ amato tu, love tliou^ or do thou love, 
d ( amato ille, let him love; let a man love, 

C ( amate, i^.amatote vos. love ye^ or do ye love^ 
^ \ amanto illi, let them love; let men love, 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, aniare, to love. 

Perfect amavisse, ^o liave,or had loved. 

Future amaturum ess i;.fuisse5 /o be about ^oZoz^e. 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

Present Participle, amans, loving. 

Future Participle, amatii-rus, -ra, -rum, ahout to love, 

THE GERUNDS. 

N. amandum, loving^ 

G. am and 1, of loving^ 

D. am an do, to loving^ 

A. amandum, loving^ 

A. amando, with^from^ in^ or hy loving 

THE SUPINES. 

The first supine, amatum, to love^ 

The last supine, amatii, to love^ or to he loved. 

Study with the above, the exercises on page 76. 
THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
Amor, amari, amatus sum, to he loved. 



LATINLESSONS. 67 



THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Amor, /am loved^ 

amaris vel amare, Thou art loved^ 

amatur, He is loved, 

amamur, We are lovedj 

am am mi, Ye are loved^ 

amantur, ' They are loved, 

THE IMPERFECT TENSE. 

amabar, / was loved^ 

amabaris, v, amabare, You were loved^ 

amabatur. He was loved. 

amabamur We were loved^ 

amabammi, Ye were loved^ 

amabantur, They were loved. 

THE PERFECT TENSE. 

amatus sum, vel fui,/ was loved^ or have been loved^ 
amatus es, vel fuisti. Thou wast or hast been " 
amatus est, vel fuit. He was or hath been " 
amatisumus,i?eZfuimus, We were or have been ^' 
amati estis, vel fuistis. Ye were or have been " 
amati sunt,fuerunt,t?.fuere, They were or have been " 

THE PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

amatus eram, vel fueram, / had been loved^ 
amatfis eras, vel fueras, T/ioz^ hadst been loved^ 
amatus erat vel fuerat, He had been loved. 
amati eramus,i'eZ fueramus, We had been loved^ 
amati eratis vel fueratis, Ye had been loved^ 
[ amati erant, vel fuerant. They had been loved. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE FUTURE TENSE. 



. C amabor, / shall, or will be loved^ 

^^ 1 amaberis,!?. amabere, Thou shall, or will be loved^ 
^ ( amabitur, He shall, or will be loved. 

^ C amabimur, We shall, or will be loved^ 

^^ < amabimini. Ye shall, or will be loved^ 

^ ( amabiintur, They shall, or will be loved, 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

THE PRESENT TENSE. 



^ 



CC 



amer, /may, or can be loved^ may /be Ioved^[loved^ 
W <? ameris, v. -re, Foi^ may, or can be loved^ may you be 
^ ( ametur, He may, or can be loved^ let him be loved. 
^ C amemur. We may, or can be loved^ may we be loved., 
r2 < amemini. Ye may,or can be loved., may i/o?/be loved., 
^ ( amentur, They may,or can be loved^lei them be loved. 

THE IMPERFECT TENSE 

^ C amarer, / might, could, would, should be loved^ 

% < amareris,i;.amarere, Fow might, be loved., 

amaretur. He might, be loved. 

^ C amaremur. We might, be loved., 

^g < amaremini. Ye might, be loved., 

^ ( amarentur, They might be loved. 

THE PERFECT TENSE. 

. C amatus sim vel fiierim, / may have been loved^ 

.g < amatus sis, vel fueris, TAozuiiayst have been '^ 

^ ( amatus sit, vel fuerit. He may have been " 

. C amati simus, v. fuerimus, We may have been loved., 

^ < amati sitis, v. fiieritis. Ye may have been loved^ 

^ ( amali sint, v. fuerint, T^6^2/ may have been " 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE PLUPERFECT TENSE. 



tuD 



amatus essenijV.fuissem, J 
amatus esses, vel fuisses You 
^ ( amatus esset vel fuisset, He 



' might, 
could, 
would, 



amati essemus v. fuissemus, We ' should, 



^ < amati essetis,ve?fuissetis Ye 
^ ( amati essent,veZ fuissent, Tliey 



have^ or 
had been 



^ loved. 



THE FUTURE TENSE. 

. C amatus fuero, / shall have been loved^ 

5S < amatus fueris, Thou shalt have been loved^ 

^ ( amatus fuerit. He shall have been loved, 

. C amati fuerimus, We shall have been loved^ 

^ < amati fueritis, Ye shall have been loved^ 

^ ( amati fuerint. They shall have been loved, 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 



^ ( a 



amare, v, amator tu, be thou loved^ 

amator ille, let him be lov-ed, 

C ( amamini vos, be ye loved^ 

SJ ( amantor illi, let them be loved. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, amari, to be loved. 

Perfect Tense, amatum esse, v. fuisse, to have, or had 

been loved. 
Future Tense, amatum iri, to be about to be loved. 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect Participle, ama-tiis, -ta, -tum, loved. 
Future Participle, aman-dus. -da, -dum, to be loved. 



From 


Amo, Ams 


Act. 


Pass. Act. 


amo, 


amor, ainare, 


amabam, 


amabar, amarem. 


amabo. 


amabor, Imperat. 


amem, 


amer, 


ama 




amans, 


amandus, 



70 LATINLESSONS 

Formation of the tenses of Amo. 

re Amavi Amatum. 

Pass. Act. Act. 

aman, amaveram, amatti, 
amarer,amaveriiii5 amaturtis, 
amare,- avissem, -aturiim esse, 
amavero. Pass. 

amavisse, amattis, 

amattis sum,&,c. 
amandum, Gerund. 

Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 79. 

THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 

THE ACTIVE VOICE. 

Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy. 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural. 

Pres. Deleo, deles, delet, delemus, deletis, delent. 
Imp. delebam, delebas, delebat, deleba-mus, -tis,-nt. 
Perf delevi, delevisti, delev-it, -imiis, -istis, -erunt, 
PIup. deleveram, -ras, deleve-rat, -ramiis, -ratis, -rant. 
Fut. delebo, delebis, del-ebit, ebimiis, -ebitis, delebiint. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. Deleam, deleas, del-eat, -eamiis, -eatis, -deleant. 
Imp. delerem,deleres,del-eret, -eremus,-eretis, -delerent 
Perf. deleverim, -ris, delev-erit, -erimiis, -eritis, -erint. 
Plup. delevissem, -es, -et, deleviss-emus, -etis, -ent. 
Fut. delevero, delev-eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -ermt 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Dele, dele-to, tu, -to ille; del-ete, -etote vos, del- 
ento illi. 



LATINLESSONS. 71 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD 
Pres. Delere,P6'r/'.delevIsse5Fw^.deleturum,esse,v,fuisse. 

PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. SUPINES. 

Pres, delens, N. delendum, 1. Sup.deleium^ 

Fut, deleturus, G. delendijD.do^A.diim. 2. Sup.deleiu, 

Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 81. 

THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
Deleor, deleri, deletiis sum, to be destroyed, 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural, 

Pres. deleor, deleris, vel. dele-re,-tiir, -mur, -mini,-ntur. 
Imp. deIeb-ar,arivS,t5eZ -are, -atur, -amur, -ammi, -antur. 
Perf. deletus sum vel fui, deletus es, vel fuisti, &c. 
Plup. deletus eram, vel fueram, deletus eras, v, fueras, 
Fut. dele-bor, -beris, vel -here, -bitur, -bimiir, -bimmi, 
-buntur. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. delear, delea-ris, v. -re, -tur, -mur, -mmi, -ntiir. 
Imp. delerer, delere-ris. v. -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
Perf. deletus sim, v. fuerim, deletus sis, v. fueris, &c. 
Plup. deletus essem, v. fuissem, deletus esses, v. fuis- 

ses, he. 
Fut. deletus fuero, deletus fueris, deletus fuerit, &c. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural, 

Pres. delere, v. dele-tor, tu, -tor ille ; -mini vos, delen- 
tor illi. 



72 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres, deleri, Perf. deletiim esse, v. fuisse, Fut. dele- 
tum iri. 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

The Participle of the Perfect, dele-tus, -ta, -turn. 
The Participle of the Future, delen-dus, -da, -dum. 
Formation of the tenses of Deleo. 

From Deleo, Delere, Delevi Deletiim. 

^ct. Pass. Act. Pass. Act. Act 

deleo, deleor, delere, delerl, deleveram, deletu, 

delebam, delebar, delerem, delerer, deleverim, deleturus, 

delebo, delebor. Imp. delere, delevissem, deleturum esse, 

deleam, delear, delevero, Pass. 

dele, delevisse, deletus, 
delens, delendus, deletus sum,&,c. 

delendum, Gerund. 

Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 82. 

THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

THE ACTIVE VOICE. 
Bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum, to drink, 
THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Singular. Plural. 

Pres. bibo, bibis, bibit, bibimus, bibitis, bibiint. 
[inp. bibebam, bibebas, -bat, -bamus, -batis -bant. 
Perf bibi, bibisti, bib-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, v. bibere. 
Plup. biberam, biberas, bibe-rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
Fut. bibam, bibes, bibet, bibemus, bibetis, bibent. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 
Pres. bibam, bibas, bibat, bibamus, bibatis, bibant. 
hnp. biberem, biberes, bibe-ret, -remiis, -retis, -rent. 
Perf. biberim, biberis, bibe-rit, -rimiis, -ritis, biberint. 
PZi/p. bibissem, bibisses, bibiss-et -emus, -etis, -issent. 
Fut, bibero, biberis, bibe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rmt. 



LATINLESSONS. 73' 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural. 

Pres. bibe -ito tn, -ito ille^ bib-itey-itote vos, bibunto illi. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. bibere, Perf, bibisse, Fut. bibiturum, esse,v.fuisse. 



SUPINES. 

1. supine^ bibitum, 

2. supine^ bibitu. 



PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. 

Pres. bibens, N. bibendum, 
Fut. bibitiiriis, G. bibendi, 
bibitura, D. bibendo, 
bibiturum. A. biben-dum,-do. 
Study with the above, the corresponding exercises 
on page 83. 

THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

Bibor, bibi, bibitus sum, to he drunk or imbibed. 

THE INDICA^TIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural. 

Pres. bib6r,bib-eris, v. -ere, -itur,- imur, -imini, -untur. 
Lrip. bib-ebar, -eba -ris, vel -re,-tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
Perf. bibitiis sum, vel fui, bibitus es, vel fuisti, &c. 
Plup. bibitiis eram, vel fueram, -tus eras,?;eZ fijeras, Sec, 
Fut. bibar, -eris, v. -ere, -etur, -emur, emini, -entur. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. bibar,-aris,i7.-are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
Imp. bib-erer, -eris, t*. -ere, -etur,-emur, -emini,. -entiir. 
Perf. bibitus sim, v. fuerim, bibitus sis, -y.fueris, &c. 
Plup. bibitus essem, v. fuissem,-itiis esses,i;. fuisses, &c. 
Fut. bibitiis fiiero,-tiis fueris,-tiis fiierit-ti fiierimus,&c. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. bib-ere, -itor tu, -itor ille; -imini vosj-untor illi 

7 



m 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Prts. bibi, Perf. bibitum esse,i;. fuisse, Fut. bibitum irL 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect Participle, bibitus, bibita, bibitum. 
Future Participle, bibendus, bibenda-bibeiidum. 
Formation of the tenses of Biho, 

From Bibo, Bibere, Bibi, Bibitum. 

Act. Pass. Ad. Pass. Act. Act. 

bibo, bibor, bibere, bibi, biberam, bibitu, 

bibebam, bibebar,biberem, biberer.biberim, bibiturtis, 

bibam, bibar Imperat. bibere, bibissem, bibiturum esscj 

bibam, bibar, bibero, Pass. 

bibe, bibisse, bibitus, 

"bibens, bibendus, Part. bibitus stim,&c. 
bibendtim, Gerund. 

Study with the above, the exercises on page 84. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

THE ACTIVE VOICE. 

Audio, audire, audivi, auditiim, to hear. 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural, 

Pres. audio, audis, audit, audimus, auditis, audiunt. 
Imp. audiebam, audiebas, audieb-at, -amus, -atis, -ant. 
Perf audivi, audiv-isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, v. -ere. 
Plup. audiveram,audiv-eras,-eTat,-eramiis,-eratis-erant, 
Fut. audiam, audies, audiet, audi-emus, -etis, audient. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 
Singular, Plural, 

Pres. audiam, audias, audiat, audi-amiis, -atis, -ant. 
Imp. audirem, audires,audi-ret,-remiis, -retis, audirent. 
Perf audiverim, -eris,audiv-erit,-erimiis,-eritis,-erint. 
Plup. audivissem,audivisses,audiviss-et,-einus,-etis,-ent. 
Fut, audivero, audiverls^ audive-rit, -rimus, -ritis, rint. 



LATINLESSONS. 7S 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. audi, aud-ito tu, -ito ilie ; aud-ite, -itote vos, -iunto 
iUi. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres, andire, Perf. audmsse, Fut. auditurum esse, v, 
fuisse. 

PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. SUPINES. 

Pres. audiens, N. audiendum,l. su. auditum. 

Flit, auditurus, -a, -um. G. audiendi, 2. su. auditu. 

Study with the above, the corresponding exercises on 
page 85. 

THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

Audi or, audiri, auditus sum, to he heard, 
THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural. 

Pres. audi6r,aud-iris,^j.-ire,-itiar,-imur,-Tmini,-audiuntur. 
Imp. audiebar, -aris, v. -are, -atiir, -amur-amini, -antur. 
Per/*, auditus sum, vel fui, auditus es, vel fuisti, &lc. 
Plup. auditus eram, 2?. fueram, auditus eras,i;.tueras,SLC. 
Fut. audiar, audi-eris, v. -ere, -etur,emur,emmi, -entur. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. audiar,audi-aris,i; -are, -atur,-amur,-amini,-aiitur. 
Lnp. audirer, -ris, v. -re, -tur, -miir, -mini, audirentur. 
Perf. auditus sim, v~ fuerim, auditus sis, v. fueris, &c. 
Plup. auditus essem,'u.fuissem,auditus esses,t^.fuisses,8LC. 
Fut. auditiis fuero, auditus fueris, auditus fiierit, &c. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural, 

Pres, audire,aud -itor tu, aud-itor ille, -imini vos,-mnt6r 
iUi. 



'76 LATIN LESSONS. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. audiri, Pe/'/.aud -itum esse, ?;.fuisse, Fui. -imm iri, 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

part. Per. aiidi-ti]s,-ta, -turn. Part. Fut. audien-dus, -da, 
-d«m. 

Formation of the tenses of Audio. 

From Audio, Audire, Audivi, Auditum. 

jlct. Pass. Ad. Pass, Jet. Act. 

audio, audior, audire, audiri, audi ve ram, audita, 

audiebam, audiebar, audirem, audirer,audiverim, auditurus, 
audiara, audiar, Lnperat. audire, audivissem, auditurum esse, 
audiam, audiar, audivero, Pass. 

audi, audivisse, auditus, 

audiens, audlendus, auditus sum, &c. 

audiendum, Gerund. 

Study with the above, the exercises on page 86. 
VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

ADDITIONAL PRELIMIiVARY RULES. 

1. JEgo^ tit^ nos and vos^ are seldom expressed 
in Latin. 

2. The infinitive mood is governed by the verb, 
participle, adjective or noun, on v^hich it depends. 

3. Certain verbs, v^diose sign is that require an 
accusative case before the infinitive. 

4. Participles, Gerunds and Supines govern the 
same case which their verbs govern. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

EXERCISES ON THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Pan curat oves oviumque magistr5s. 
Jnnumerae stellae ornant spatium nocturni coeli. 
In hoc praelio, rnllites pugnabant cominiis gladiis. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



7T 



Horatius vituperabat pravos mores Roman 5rum> 
Deus creavit coelum et terram intra sex dies. 
Multi Romani nominaverunt Ciceronem patrem patriae. 
Nox occupaverat centum 5ciil5s Argi custddis lus. 
Amabo et venerabo Deiim, patriam, et parentes. 



She loves her mother and 
friends. 

History relates the deeds of 
the ancients. 

The men were standing in 
the hall with swords. 

God formed man of the 
clay. 

The girl had tasted the 
grapes from the garden. 

We will prepare our les- 
sons. 



Ilia amo siius mater et 

amicus. 
Historia narro factum ve- 

tus. 
Homo sto in aula cum glad- 

ius. 
Deus formo homo ex li- 

mus. 
Puella gusto uva ex hor- 

tulus. 
Ego paro noster lectio. 



EXERCISES ON SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE MOODS. 



Quis dubitet, quin Deiis regnet in Ccelo et terra. 
Pater orabat regem ne trucidaret suam filiam. 
Quid paraverint, est in subsidium famis. 
Si cogitavissetis plus de morte peccavissetis minus ScEpe.. 
Si plantaverimiis arbores, gustabimus fructiis. 
Quum duplicaveritis viginti quot niimerabitis? 
Ama Dominum Deum tuum, cum omni tua anima et. 
omnibus viribus. 

IL 



Let us love virtue, which 
is the glory of man. 

You should prepare your 
'essons for to-morrow. 

7* 



Amo virtus quse sum decus- 

homo. 
Paro lectio in crastiniis 

dies. 



m 



LATIN LESSONS 



What the king may have | Qui rex judico ego probo. 
determined,! will approve, i 

H you had preserved fideli- j Si servo fides paro multus 
ty you would have ac- amicus, 
quired many friends. 

If he shall not have ob- 
tained what he seeks, he 
will persevere. 

Prepare the way of the 
Lord, all ye his saints. 



Si non impetro qui ille opto, 
persevero. 

Paro via Dominus tu omnis 
sanctus. 



EXERCISES ON INFINITIVE MOOD, PARTICIPLES AND 
GERUNDS. 



Errare est humaniim, condonare est divinum. 
Deus creavit hominem regnare super alia animalia. 
Adoravisse Deum et amavisse hominem est sdlatium in 

morte. 
Bonus vir, amans et adorans Deum, est felix. 
Hoc bellum est devastatiirum nostram urbem. 
Camelus est iddneus ad portandum magna onera. 



II. 



It is time to fight with 

swords. 
1 think that this servant 

concealed the money. 
The man stood watching 

the stars diligently. 
The ship is now about to 

sail for India. 
The soldiers are prepared 

for fighting. 



Sum tempus pugno cum 

gladius. 
Pino hie servus celo pe- 

cunia. 
Homo sto observo astrum 

diligenter. 
Navis Slim nunc navigo ad 

India. 
Miles Slim paratus ad 

pugno. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



79 



PASSIVE VOICE 

EXERCISES ON THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 
I. 

Cainus et Abel numerantur inter filios Adami et Evae. 
Socrates vituperabatur a miiltis et laudabatur a multis. 
Homo formatus est a Deo, ex limo terras. 
Romulus et Remus educati sunt inter pastores. 
Camillus revocatus erat antequam Romani dederunt 

peciiniam. 
Si ames bonds homines, tu amaberis ab illis invicem. 



IT. 



Diligent boys are loved by 
their preceptors. 

The sheep were torn by 
the rapacious wolves. 

Annibal was recalled to 
Africa, by the senate. 

His sister had been search- 
ed for by Cadmus. 

The good will be praised; 
and the bad censured. 



Diligens puer amo ab prae- 
ceptor. 

Ovis dilacero ab rapax lu- 
pus. 

Annibal revoco ad Africa, 
ab senatus. 

Suus sdrorinvestigo abCad- 
mus. 

Bonus laudo ; et malus 
culpo. 



EXERCISES ON THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE 
MOODS. 



Omnes rogant, qua arte felicitas vitae paretiir. 
Cincinnatus creatiis est dictator ut helium renovaretur. 
Vashingtdnius fuit tam bonus imperator ut laudatus sit 

ab omnibus. 
Si amavisses homines, amatus fuisses ab hominibus. 
Quum milites liberati fuerint, fortiter pugnabunt. 
Studios! pueri amantor et laudantor ab amicis. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



II. 



Let the wicked be reclaimed 
from their vices. 

C^sar was slain that the 
republic might be saved. 

If her innocence has been 
preserved she is safe. 

If these soldiers had been 
armed, they would not 
have been slaughtered. 

When the men shall have 
been accused they will 
be slain by the soldiers. 

Let the innocent be cleared; 
and the guilty condemn- 
ed. 



Malus revoco ab suus vi- 

tiiim. 
Caesar neco ut respublica 

conservo. 
Si is innocentia servo, sum 

salviis. 
Si hie miles armo, non tru- 

cido. 

Quum homo accuso, neco 
a miles. 

Innoxius purgo; et noxius 
condemno. 



EXERCISES ox THE INFINITIVE MOOD AND PARTICIPLES. 



Manlius Torquatas mandavit suum filium necari. 
Nuntiatiim est, litteras expectatas esse ab Antonio 

Lepido. 
Putavi rempublicam servatum iri ab virtiite Briiti. 
Animus boni non est perturbatus ab timore mortis. 
Consensio omnium gentium, est putanda lex natiirae. 



et 



I hope fhai the cause of this 
man is approved. 

I expect that the favor of 
the people has been con- 
ciliated. 

It is stated that good men 
will be loved by God. 



Spero causa hie homo 

probo. 
Ego expecto favor popiilus 

concilio. 

Affirmo bonus homo amo 
a Deus. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



St 



Lions when satiated are 

harmless. 
The way of death is to be 

trodden by all. 



Leo dum satiatus sum in- 

noxius. 
Via lethus smn calco ab 



VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
ACTIVE VOICE, 

EXERCISES ON MOODS AND TENSES PROMISCUOUSLY. 



Si vales, bene est, ego valeo. 

Caesar monet eum, ut vitet omnes suspici5nes, in futii- 
rum. 

Vita modesta valebit multum contra falsos runiores. 

Caesar continebat suos milites ab prselid cum Helvetiis. 

Alexander delevit urbem Thebas, quae floruerat tamdiu. 

Homines habeant pacem cum hommibus et bellum cum 
vitiis. 

Arbores quae florent in vere, praebebunt p5ma in autu- 
mn 5. 

Dum praeceptor doceat, omnes discipuli tacento. 

Historia narrat Mummium delevisse Corinthum. 

Avaritia est insatiabilis cupido habendi plus. 

Num tonderetis oves agricolae, nisi illae praeberent 
lanam? 



II. 



Boys should exercise the 

feculties of their minds. 
The pilot sits holding the 

helm. 
After death we will see 

many wonderful things. 
The general ought now to 

destroy Carthage. 



Puer exerceo facultas ani- 
miis. 

Gubernator sedeo teneo 
clavus. 

Post mors, video multus 
mirus negotium. 

Dux debeo nunc deleo Car- 
thago. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Cyrus retained in memory 

the names of all his 

soldiers. 
The queen would have 

filled the cup with wine. 
Jf your friend has been 

silent, he is safe. 
The mind ought to govern 

the body. 



Cyrus teneo in memoria 
ndmen omnis suus mi- 
les. 

Regina impleo patera cum 
merum. 

Si tuiis amiciis taceo, sum 
salvus. 

Animus debeo impero cor- 
pus. 



PASSIVE VOICE, 

EXERCISES ON THE MOODS AND TENSES PROMISCUOUSLY. 



In principio voluntas regum habebatur pro legibus. 

Milites decimae legionis adhibiti sunt ad id concilium. 

Pueri detent! erant ab studiis per longum tempiis. 

Carthago et Numantia delete fuerint ab eodem Scipi- 
one? 

In hac vita, boni etmali misceantur, sed non in proxi- 
ma. 

Pueri amanto praecept5res, a quibus docti fuerint. 

Nero erat tam crudelis ut timeretur ab omnibiis Rom- 
an is. 

Flores recentes mulcebantiir ab tepidis zephyris. 

Pueri errantes monerentur ab praeceptoribiis et amicis. 

Monemini vos, pigri discipiili, ut doceamini. 



The enemy was prohibited 
from plunder by Caesar. 

They were kept from the 
city by the providence 
and mercy of God. 

The elephants had been 
seen by these travellers. 



Hostis prohibeo a rapma ab 

Caesar. 
Detineo ab urbs providen- 

tia et misericordia Deiis. 

Elephantus video ab hie 
viator. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



83 



The camps of the enemy 
will ail be moved. 

The city might be destroy- 
ed with its inhabitants. 

The sheep ought to be 
shorn for their wool. 

The pay of the soldiers is 
to be increased. 



Castra hostis omnis mo- 

veo. 
Urbs deleo cum omnis in- 

cola. 
Ovis debeo tondeo ob is 

lana. 
Stipendium miles sum au- 

geo. 



VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.^ 
ACTIVE VOICE, 

EXERCISES ON THE MOODS AND TENSES PROMISCUOUSLY., 



Amor nummi crescit quantum ipsa pecunia crescit. 
Haec stiidia alunt adolescentiam, delectant senectiitem. 
Natiira finxerat Vashingtonium ad omnes virtutes. 
Arnoldius traditor vendebat patriam pro auro. 
Franklinius, philosophiis, instituit pliirimas literarias 

societates. 
Vos eligite ducem et cum eligeritis ne deseratis eum. 
Cum Aur5ra rediicet lucem, repetamus propositum 

opus. 
Puellae fundant aquam ex capacibus urnis. 
Sistite opus praesens, tollite nodosa Una. 
Cadmus territiis novo hoste, parabat capere arma. 
Si milites pugnaverint, vTcerint su5s hostes. 



Echion cast away his arms 
by command of Pallas. 

He scatters in the furrows 
the viper's teeth, the seed 
of a future people. 



Echion abjicio suus arma 
ex monitum Pallas. 

Spargo in sulcus vipereus 
dens incrementum futu- 
rus populus. 



8f ^ LATIN LESSONS. 



God ordered man to raise 
his countenance erect to 
the stars. 

They say that Giants the 
earth born brothers attemp- 
ted ihe celestial empire. 

The boy was sent to carry 
the heavy burden. 

Jupiter is said to have bro- 
ken through Olympus 
with his thunderbolt. 



Deiis jubeo homo erigo 

suus vultiis erectus ad 

sidus. 
Fero Gigas terrigenus frater 

affecto coelestis imperi- 

um. 
Puer mitto ad fero gravis 

onus. 
Jupiter fero perfringoOlym- 

pus cum fulmen. 



PASSIVE VOICE, 

EXERCISES ON THE MOODS AND TENSES PROMISCUOUSLY. 
I.. 

Judex damnatiir cum nocens absolvitiir. 
Nemo debet dici beatus ante obitum supremaque fun- 
era. 
In hoc bell5 gloria tui nommis defendetur. 
Errant qui censeant animam extingui cum corpore. 
Tribiiniis militum conjectus erat in vincula ab imper- 

atdre. 
Ille est probiis si non decipiet, priidens, si non decipie- 

tiir. 
Vashingtoniiis electus est imperator exercituum confce- 

deratae Americse. 
Vashingtonia defensa fuisset, si dux nostrarum copia- 

rum fuisset fortis. 
Caesar tenebat in memoria, copias Lucii Cassii consii- 

lis occisas esse. 
Regiilus victus est in Africa et missiis est ad Romam ut 

pax peteretiir. 
Helvetii adducti inopia omnium rerum miserunt legates 
Homines cupidi bellandi afficiebantur multo dolore. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



85 



The larger beasts are often 
taken by lions. 

Let God be worshipped by- 
all his creatures. 

The regal authority was 
abolished by Marcus Bru- 
tus a Roman knight. 

Let it be understood by all 
men how great the wis- 
dom of God is. 

The affairs of a good man 
will be directed by God. 

Here you may love to be 
called father and prince. 

The eulogy of Doctor 
Franklin was pronounc- 
ed in France by Mirabeau. 

The virtues, truth, fidelity 
and justice are to be re- 
verenced by all. 

The walls of the Firseus 
had been thrown down 
by Lysander. 



Magniis bestia saepe capio 

aleo. 
Deus colo ab omnis is ere- 

atus. 
Regius auctoritas dissolvor 

a Marcus Brutus eques 

Romanics, 
llle intelligo ab omnis homo 

quantiis sapientia Deiis 

Slim. 
Res boniis homo dirigo a 

Deus. 
Hie amo dicor pater et 

princeps. 
Elogium Doctor Franklin- 

ius dico in Gallia a Mir- 

abaeus. 
Virtus, Veritas, fidelitas et 

justitia Slim colendus ab 

omnis. 
Muriis Piraeus diruo a Lys- 
ander. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 
Exercises on the moods and tenses promiscuously. 

Virgines Vestales custodiebant ignem sempiternum in 

Roma. 
Canes custodiunt grebes, domos, et praedia. 
Veteres Britanni vestiverunt se in pellibus ferarum. 
Non reperietis flnem curarum et molestiarum, in hac 

vita. 
8 



86 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Pueri sapienter audiant multa etloquantur pauca. 
Homines non punirent reos, nisi condemnati fuerint. 
Si pueri audiverint adventum patris, erunt laeti. 
Ego sum promptior ad audiendum quam tu es ad pro- 

nunciandum. 
Biicephaliis credebatur sentire quem veheret. 



All think of the common 

safety. 
This thing impeded the 

army, for a long time. 
This gift will soothe the 

mind of the man. 
They did this that they 

might impede his arrival. 
They came to behold the 

Olympic games. 
We do not see but hear 

and feel the winds. 
The Egyptians embalmed 

men and animals. 
The king came for punish- 
ing the guilty men. 



Omnis sentio de commii- 

nis saliJs. 
Hie res impedio exercitiis, 

per longiis tempiis. 
Hie donum lenio animiis 

homo. 
Facio hie, ut impedio is ad- 

ventiis. 
Venio specto Olympicus 

ludiis. 
Non video, sed audio et 

sentio ventus. 
^gyptius condio homo et 

animal. 
Rex venio ad punio noxius 

homo. 



PASSIVE VOICE, 



EXERCISES ON THE MOODS AND TENSES PROMISCUOUSLY. 



In mari reperiuntur volantes pisces qui surgunt in au- 
ras. 

Mortui condiebantur ab ^gyptiis et servabantur in 
domibus. 

Tu ne erudias alios, antequam eriiditus esses ipse. 

Praed5nes audiebantur dum colloquentes in aula. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



87 



Saepius peccaverimus si nunquam puniti fuerimus prop- 
ter peccatum. 

Nos videmur saepe nescire a quibus nutriti et vestiti si- 
mus. 

Longissima aetas hominis invenietur brevissima. 

Magister adeo incensus erat ut non posset lenirL 



Many arts are discovered 
by men. 

Trajan alone was buried 
within the city. 

The lessons were all heard 
by the teacher. 

Alcibiades was instructed 
by Socrates. 

Let the public safety be 
protected by the magis- 
trates of this city. 

The boys were punished 
for their many faults. 

Let man ask wisdom from 
God and he will be heard. 

They would have been 
heard, if they had spok- 
en with a loud voice. 

Mausolus was buried in a 
splendid monument. 

The weavel is often found 
in wheat. 

The town was guarded by 
armed soldiers. 

Romulus and Remus had 
been nourished by a wolf 

His temples shall be crown- 
ed by the people. 



Multiis ars invenio ab ho- 
mo. 

Trajan lis solus sepelio in- 
tra urbs. 

Lectio omnis audio a prae- 
ceptor. 

Alcibiades erudio a Socra- 
tes. 

Saliis publiciis custodior a 
magistratiis hie civi- 
tas. 

Puer punio ob is multiis 
culpa. 

Homo pelo sapientia a Deus 
et audio. 

Audio si dico cum magnus 
vox. 

Mausolus sepelio in mag- 

nif icus monumentiim. 
Curculio saepe invenio in 

far. 
Oppidum custodio ab ar- 

matiis miles. 
Romiiliis et Remiis nutrio 

a lupa. 
Tempus is redimio a p6- 

pulus. 



m 



LATIN LESSONS. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

The Irregular Verbs are sum^ eo^ queo^ volo^ nolo^ 
malo^fero^ and y?o, with their compounds. 
Sum, esse, fui, futurus, io he. 

Sing. Future. 
Ero, I shall^ or will he^ 



INDICATIVE. 

Sing. Present. 
Ego sum, / am, 
tu es, thou art^ you are 
ille est, he is. 
nos sumus, we are^ 
vos estis, ye are^ 
illi sunt, they are. 

Sing. Imperfect. 
Ego eram I was^ 
tu eras, thou wast^ you were^ 
ille erat, he was. 
nos eramus, we were^ 
vos eratis, ye were^ 
illi erant, they ivere. 

Sing. Perfect. 
Ego fui, / was or have heen^ 
tu fuisti,^/iow wast or hast ^' 
ille fuit, he loas or has " 
nosfuimus,w'e?/;er6 ovhave'^ 
vos fuistis, ye were or " " 
illi fu-erunt, v. -ere, they — 

Sing. Pluperfect. 
Ego fueram, / had heen^ 
tu fueras, ihou hadst been^ 
ille fuerat, he had been. 
nos fueram us, we had beeii^ 
vos fueratis, ye had been^ 
illi fuerant, they had been. 



eris, thou shalt^ or wilt be^ 
erit, he shall^ or will be. 
erimus, we shall,, or will be, 
eritis, ye shall,, or will be,, 
erunt, they shall, or will be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Sing. Present. 
Sim^Imay or can be,let me be 
sis^you — or can be,may you'' 
sitjie — or can be, let him be. 
simus,t^(3^ — or can be,let us " 
sitis,3/e — or can be,mayyou " 
smt,they — can be, let them " 

Sing. Imperfect. [be, 
essem, Xmight, could^ would 
esses, you — could, — "— Z>e, 
esset, he — could, — '' — be. 
essemus, we — could, — be^ 

essetis, ye — could ^be, 

essent, they — could, — be. 

Sing. Perfect. 
Fuerim, / may have been, 
fueris, you may have been, 
fuerit, he may have been, 
fuerimus, we may have — 
fueritis, ye may have been, , 
fuerint, they may have been. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



Sing. Pluperfect. 



Fuissem, 


/ 


^ mighty 


fuisses, 


you 


could^ 


fuisset, 


he 


would., 


fuissem us 


, ice 


$hould^ 


fuissetis, 


ye 


have, or 


fuissent, 


they 


had been. 



IMPERATIVE. 

Present. 
Es, V. esto tu, he thou^he you^ 
esto ille, let him he^ 
este, vel estdte v5s, he ye^ 
sunto illi, let them he. 



INFINITIVE. 

Pres. Esse, to he^ [heen^ 
Perf. fuisse, to have or had 
Fut. futurum ess e,r .fuisse, 
to he about to he. 



Sing. Future. 
Fuero, / shall have heen^ 
fueris, thou shalt have " 
fuerit, he shall have heen. 
fuerimus, we shall have " 
fueritis, ye shall have heen^ 
fuerint, they shall have " 

PARTICIPLE. 

Fut. futu-rus, -ra, -rum, ahout to he. 

The compounds of sum are ahsum^ ddsum^ desum^ 
inter sum') ohsum., prosHm^ possHm^ suhsitm^ super sum ; 
and insum^ which wants the preterites. 

Prosum, to he profitable., to profit., has a d before 
those parts of sum which begin with an e; thus, 
prosum.) prbdes., and not proes 

Possum, compounded of pbtis.^ able, and sum., is 
thus conjugated : 

Possum, posse potui, to he able., to can. 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. Plural 

Pres. possum, potes, potest, possiimus, potestis,possunt. 
Im,^. poteram, pot-eras, -erat, eramus, -eratis, -erant. 
Perf. potui, potuisti, potu-it, imus, istis, erunt, v. -ere. 
Plup. potueram, potueras, potuer-at,-amus, -atis, -ant. 
Fut. potero, poteris, poterit poter-imus, -itis, -iint. 



90 LATINLESSONS. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. possim, possis, possit, possimas, possitis, pdssint. 
Imp. possem, posses, posset, possemus, -etis, -ent. 
Perf. potuerim, potueris, potue-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
Plup. potuissem, potuisses, potuiss-et, -emus, -etis, -ent. 
Fut. potuero, potueris, potuer-it, -imus, -itis, -int 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. posse, Perf. potuisse — Ccstera desunU 
Study with the above, the exercises on page 96. 

EO. 

Eo, ire, ivi, itum, to go, 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. Plur. 

Pres. Eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt. 
Lnp. ibam, ibas, ibat, ibamus, ibatis, ibant. 
Perf. ivi, ivisti, ivit, ivimus, ivistis, iv-erunt,i;. -ere. 
Plup. iveram, iveras, iverat, iveramiis, -atis, -ant. 
Fut. ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres, earn, eas, eat, eamus, eatis, eant. 

Imp. irera, ires, iret, iremus, iretis, irent. 

Perf iverim, iveris, iverit, iverimus, iver-itis, -int. 

Plup. ivissem, ivisses, ivisset, ivissemus, -etis, -ent. 

Fut. ivero, iveris, iverit, iverimus, iveritis, -int 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. I, ito tu, ito ille ; ite, vel itote vos, eiinto illi. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 



91 



Pres. ire, Perf, ivTsse, FuL iturum esse, v. fuisse. 

PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS. SUPINES. 

Pres. iens,G.euiitis, eundum, 1. itum, 

Fut. itu-rus,7ra-rum, eun-di, -do, -dum. 2. itu. 

The compounds of eo are adeo, abeo, exeo, obeo, r6d6o, 
siibeo, pereo, depereo, dispereo, coeo, ineo, intereo, introeo, 
anteeo, prodeo, praetereo, transeo, circumeo; hut ambio, ambire, 
amblvi, amblttlm, is a regular verb of the fourth conjugation. 

Study with the above, the exercises on page 97. 

VOLO. 

VoLO, velle, volui, to he willing^ to will, 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Sing, Plur, 

Pres, volo, vis, vult, voliimus, vultis voliint: 
Imp, volebam, volebas, volebat, voleb-amus,-atis,-ant. 
Perf. volui, voluisti, volu -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, -y.ere. 
Plup, volueram, volueras, volue-rat,-ramus,-ratis,-rant. 
Fut. volam, voles, volet, volemus, voletis, volent. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres, velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velmt. 
Imp, vellem, velles, vellet, vellemus, velletis, vellent. 
Perf, voluerim, volueris, voluerit, v6luer-imus,Ttis,-int. 
Plup. voluissem, voluisses, voluiss-et, -emus, -etis, -ent. 
Fut, voluero, volueris, voluerit, voluer -imus, -itis,-int. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. velle, Perf, voluisse, Part, Prces, volens, Ccetera 
desunt, 

NOLO. 

Nolo,* nolle, nolui, to he unwilling^ to will not. 

* Nolo, is compounded of non and volo 



92 * LATINLESSONS, 



THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Si7ig, Plur. 

Pres. no]o,non vis,non vult,nolumus,non vultis,nolant. 
Imp. nolebam, nolebas, nole-bat, -bamus, -batis,-bant. 
Perf. nolui,n51uisti,n51uit,n51u-imus,-istis,-erunt,2).-ere. 
Plup. nolueram, nolueras, noluer-at, -amus, -atis,-ant. 
Fut, n51am, n51es, nolet, nolemus, nolelis, nolent. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Sing. Plur. 

Pres, nolim, n51is, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint. 
Imp. nollem, nolles, nollet, nollemus, nolletis, nollent. 
Perf. noluerim, noliieris, ndluerit, nolue-rimus, -ritis, 

n51uermt. 
Plup. noluissem, n51uisses, n51uiss-et, -emus, etis, -ent. 
Fut. noluero,nolueris,nolue-rit,n51ue-rimus5-ritis,-rmt. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. noli, n51ito tu: ndlite, nolit5te v5s. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. nolle, Perf. n51uisse. Part. Pres. nolens. Ccetera 
desunt. 

MALO. 

Malo,| malle, malui, to he more willing^ to rather. 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. Plur. 

Pres. malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt 
Imp. malebam, malebas, malebat, maleba-mus, -tis,-nt. 
Perf. maliii,maluisti, malu-it, -imus, -istis,-erunt, v. ere. 
Plup. malueram, malue-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
Fut. malam, males, malet, malemus, maletis, malent. 

t Mdlo is compounded of mdgis and volo. 



LATINLESSONS. 93 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. malim, mails, malit, malimus, malitis, malint. 
Imp, mallem, malles, mallet, mallemus, malle-tis, -nt. 
Perf. maluerim, malueris, maluerit, -imus, -itis^ -int. 
Plup, maluissem, maluisses, maluiss-et, emus, -etis-ent. 
Fut. maluero, malueris,maluerit,maluer-imus,-itis,-int, 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Pres. malle, Perf. maluisse. Cceiera desunt. 
Study with the above, the exercises on page 98. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

FERO. 

Fero, ferre,tuli, latum, to brings to bear. 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. Plur. 

Pres. fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 
Imp. ferebam, ferebas,ferebat, ferebamus, -batis, -bant. 
Perf. tuli, tulisti, tulit,tulimus, tulistis, tulerunt,t).tulere. 
Plup. tuleram, tuleras, tulerat,tuleramus,tulerati«, -rant. 
Fut, feram, feres, feret, feremus, feretis, ferent. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. feram, feras, ferat, feram us, feratis, ferant. 
Imp. ferrem, ferres, ferret, ferremus, ferretis, ferrent. 
Perf. tulerim, tuleris, tulerit, tulerimus, tuleritis, -int. 
Plup. tulissem, tulisses, tulisset, tulissemus, -etis, -ent. 
Fut. tulero, tuleris, tulerit, tulerimus, tuleritis, tulerint. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres, fer,* ferto tu, ferto ille ; ferte, v. fertote vos, fer- 
unto illi. 

* The Imperatives dic^ due, fdc, fir, are used for dlc^, duci 



94 LATINLESSONS. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. ferre, Perf, tulisse, Fut. laturum esse, v. fuisse. 

PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. SUPINES. 

Pres. ferens, ferendum, 1. latum. 

Fut, ]atu-rus5-ra,-rum5 feren-dijddj-dum. 2. latu. 

THE PASSIVE VOICE, 

Feror, fern, latus sum, vel fui, to he hr ought, 

THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Sing. Plur, 

Pres. feror, ferris, v. ferre, fer-tur, -imur, -imini,-untur. 
Imp. ferebar, fere-baris, i;. -bare,-batur,bamur,-bamini, * 

-bantur. 
Perf. latus, sum, v. fui, latus es, v. fuisti, &c. 
Plup. latus, eram, v. fueram, latus eras, v. fueras, &c. 
Fut. fer ar,fe-reris,t; .-rer e,-retur,-remur,-remini,-rentur. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. ferar, fe-raris, v. -rare, -ratur, -ramur, -raminT, 

-rantur. 
Imp. ferrer, fer-reris, v. -rere, -retur, -remur, -remini, 

-rentur. 
Perf. latus sim, v. fuerim, latus, sis, v. fueris, &.c. 
Plup. latus essem,?;. fuissem,latus esses, iJeZfuisses,&c. 
Fut. latus fuero, latus fueris, latus fuerit, lati, &c. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres, ferre,fert6r tu,fert6r ille; ferimini vos, feruntor illi. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. ferri, Perf. latum esse, vel fuisse, Fut^ latum iri. 



LATINLESSONS. 95 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

Participle of the Perfect Tense, latiis, lata, latum. 
Participle of the Future Tense, feren-dus, -da, dum. 

Study with the above, the exercises on page 98. 

FIO. 

Flo, fieri, factus sum, i?. fui, to he made^ to become . 

THE INDICA.TIVE MOOD. 

Sing, Plur, 

Pres. fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt. 

Imp. fiebam, fiebas, fiebat, fie-bamus, -batis,-bant 
Per/, factus sum vel fui, factus es, vel fuisti, &c. 
Plup. factus eram, v. fueram, factus eras, tj.fueras, &c. 
Fut. fiarn, f les, f iet, fiemus, fietis, f ient. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE, POTENTIAL, OPTATIVE. 

Pres. f lam, fias, fiat, f iamus, f latis, f lant. 
Imp. fierem, fieres, fieret, fieremus, fieretis, fierent. 
Perf. factus sim, vel fuerira, factus sis, vel fueris, &c. 
Plup. factus essem,veZfuissem,factus esses,t?6Zfuisses,&c. 
Fut. factus fuero, factus fueris, factus fuerit, facti, &c. 

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. f 1, V. fito tu, fito ille, f ite, v. fitote vos, f lunto illT. 

THE INFINITIVE MOOD 

Pres. fieri, Per/*, factum esse, v. fuisse, Fut. factum iri. 

THE PARTICIPLES. 

Participle of the Perfect, fac-tus, -ta, -tum. 

Participle of the Future, facien-dus, -da, -dum. 

Fio is the Passive oi fdcio, to make, instead o^ factor, which 
is not used ; but all the compounds o£ fddo, which change a 
into t, are res^ular ; as, afficior, ajfld, affectum sum, perf Icior, 
perfidy perfectus sum. 



96 LATIN LESSONS. 

To fio, may properly be subjoined these 

NEUTER-PASSIVE VERBS. 

SOleo, solere, solitus sum, to use, to be accustomed. 
AuDEO, audere, ausus sum, to dare, to adventure. 
Gaudeo, gaudere, ga\istis sum, to rejoice, to be glad. 
FiDO, f Idere, f idi, fisus sum, to trust, to confide in. 
DiffIdo, diffldere, dilFidi, diffisus sum, to distrust. 
CoNFiDO, conf Ider6, conf Idi, conf isus, to trust in. 
MoEREO, mosrere, moesttis sum, to be sad, to mourn, 

EXERCISES ON sum AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 



Ego sum commiinrs amicus omnium bondrum. 

In Americana republica omnis auctoritas est penes 
populum. 

Alleghanii sunt montesin Marylandia, Virginia et Penn- 
sylvania. 

Pugna Lexingtoniensis fuit prima Americanae defec- 
ti5nis. 

Hi pueri possunt quia posse videntur. 

Ubi superbia fuerit ibi contumelia erit. 

Helena non fuisset causa Trojani belli. 

Est5te vos sapientes ut serpentes et innoxii ut columbae. 

Tribiinus Smithius Baltimorensis fuit fortis defensor 
propugnaculi Mifflinii per quadraginta dies. 



Mount Vernon was the resi- 
dence of General George 
Washington. 

We consuls are remiss in 
our duty. 

Caesar was absent with the 
third legion. 

The man whom you seek 
is present before you. 



Mons Vernoniiis sum sedes 

Dux Georgius Vashing- 

tonius. 
Nos consul desum in nos- 

ter officium. 
Caesar absum cum tertius 

legio. 
Vir qui peto, adsum coram 

tu. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



n 



They will be farther dis- 
tant from the province. 

The battle of Bunker Hill 
will be forever memora- 
ble. 



Ille absum longe ab pro- 

vincia. 
Praeliiim Bunkerius Collis 

sum semper memorabi- 

lis. 



EXERCISES ON 60 AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 



Puellae Arabum eunt in matrimonium sine ulla dote. 

Lusciniae abeunt in autumnd sed redeunl in vere. 

Ante Hannibalem nemo transierat Alpes. 

Ibo ad arani ibique inibo foedus cum Deo. 

Illi non ibunt soli, fidi amici erint cum illis. 

Pueri, eamus ad praeceptdrem et pronuntiemug»lectio- 

nem. 
Corpus hominis deliciet, sed immortalis animus non 

interibit. 
Caesar venit ad eam partem quae nondum transierat flii- 

men. 

II. 



He has gone from the coun- 
cil with many thousands. 

We compelled the States 
to return to their duty. 

I rejoice, my friends, that 
you have returned safe. 

Heaven and earth shall pass 
away but God's word 
shall not pass away. 

Before 1 had read your let- 
ter I desired to go to you. 

The king came to my house. 

After I had come he de- 
parted. 
9 



Ille eo a concilium cum 

multus mille. 
Cogo civitas redeo ad suiis 

officium. 
Gaudeo, amicus, tu redeo 

salvus. 
Ccelum et terra pereo sed 

verbum Deus non pereo. 

Priusquam lego tuiis iiterae 

ciipio eo ad tu. 
Rex venio ad mens domus. 
Postquam ego venio ille 

proficiscor. 



98 



LATIN LESSONS. 



EXERCISES ON Volo AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 



Multi homines volunt esse divites et potentes. 

Visne repetere praslectionem mecum, antequam eas in 

schoiam. 
Fabius maluit ut hostis metueret quam cives lauda- 

rent se. 
Caesar noluit se fieri regem a Romanis. 
Deus potest efficere omnia negotia quae velit. 
Noli dormire postqnam sol ortus fuerit. 
Pcsse nocere et nolle est amplissima laus. 
Cato mahut mori quam vivere sub dominatu Caesaris. 



We believe willingly the 
things which we desire. 

Do not convert my fortune 
into crime. 

Regulus preferred to re- 
turn to punishment. 

A man should prefer to be 
good rather than appear 
good. 

Tou should be unwilling 
to commit injury. 



Ego credo libenter is qui 

volo. 
Nolo verto mens fortuna 

in culpa. 
Regulus malo redeo ad 

supplicium. 
Homo malo sum bonus 

quam videor bdnus. 

Nolo facio injuria. 



EXERCISES ON ferO AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 

I. 

Terra fert fruges in usum hominum et animalium. 
Est melius ferre injurias quam inferre injurias. 
Virti^is et doctrina sunt divitiae quas nuUus fur potest 

rapere. 
Post mortem Saidanapali, imperium translatum est ad 

Medos. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



99 



Disce perferre molestias vitae aequo animo. 
Omnis fortuna in vita, est superanda ferendo. 
Scipio moriens petiit, ne corpus referretur ad Romam. 
In referendd gratiam, imitare fertilem agrum, qui dat 
plus quam accepit. 



II. 



Put not off till to-morrow 
the work of to-day. 

It is uncertain what each 
day or night may bring 
forth. 

Ennius bore the two great- 
est burdens, old age and 
poverty. 

All the baggage was car- 
ried into one place. 

Codriis is said to have 
oifered himself for his 
country. 

The dangers of life are to 
be borne by all men. 



Ne differo in crastmus dies, 

labor hodierniis. 
Sum incertiis, quis, quis- 

que dies aut nox fero. 

Enniiis fero duo magniis 

onus, senectijs et pau- 

pertas. 
Omnis impedimentum con- 

fero in unus locus. 
Codrus dico offero sui pro 

patria. 

Periculum vita sum feren- 
dus ab omnis homo. 



■EXERCISES 0^ fio AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
I. 

In principio rerum Deus dixit; fiat lux et facta est lux. 
Cincinnatus arcessitus est ab aratro ut fieret consul. 
Industria Ciceronis conjuratio Catalinae patefacta est. 
Cleopatra sorbuit pretiosissimam margaritam liquefactam 

in aceto. 
Leges inventae sunt ad mansuefaciendos homines. 
Amicus per indignitatem potest fieri inimicias. 
Factiis fuisset dux si remanserat in exercitu. 
Intelligebant hoc non posse fieri sine maxim5 periculo. 



100 



LATIN LESSONS. 



IT. 



The gates were laid open 
by the rod of the lictor. 

Whatever Midas touched 
immediately became gold. 

I was becoming wicked 
when the word of God 
brought me back to vir- 
tue. 

All things which are now 
concealed shall be made 
known. 

Whatever is done cannot 
be undone. 



Porta patefTo a virga lic- 
tor. 

Quisque Midas tango f lo 
aurum statim. 

Fio malus quum verbum 

Deus rediico ego ad vir- 
tiis. 

Omnis qui nunc celo pate- 

fio. 
Quisque sum factiis nequeo 

fio infectiis. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Aio, / say^ Inquam, / say^ Forem, / might Je, Ausim, 
/ can dare^ Faxim, / may^ or might have done it^ Ave, 
hail! Salve, hail! [your servant] Cedo, give me, tell 
me, Quaeso, I pray, 

INDICATIVE, Present. 

Sing, Plur, Sing. Plur. 

Aio,ais, ait, — llli aiunt. Imp. aieb-am,-as-at,-ami3.s, -atis, 

-ant. 
Perf. — tu aisti,ille ait.SuB.Pres.tuaias,aiat, — aiatis aiant. 
Imper. ai Ui^do you say. FART.of the Pres.aiens, saying. 

INDICATIVE, Present. 

Ego inquam, inquis, inquit, inquimus, inqiJitis, inquiiint. 
Imp. — ille inquiebat, — illi inquiebant. Perf. inquisti, 
ille inquit. Fut. inquies, inquiet. Imper. inque, in- 
quito tu, say thou^ do thou say. Part. Pres. inquiens, 
saying. 



LATIN LESSONS. 101 

SUBJUNCTIVE, Imperfect, and Pluperfect 

Sing. Plur, 

Ego forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretls, forent. 
Ego afforem, affores, afforet, afforemus^afforetiSjafforent. 
Infin. Fut. fore, to he^ to he about to he^ the same as 
futurum esse, 

Infin. Fut. affore, to be^ or to be about to be^ the same 
as futurum esse. 

SUBJUNCTIVE, Present. 

Sing. Sing. Plur. 

Ego ausim, ausis, ausit, Perf. faxim,faxis, faxit, — faxint. 
Fut. faxo, faxis, faxit, — vos faxitis, illi faxint. 
Note. Faxirn^ and faxo^ are used for fecerzm^ and fecero. 

IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVE. 

Sing. Plur. 

Ave, aveto tu,avete, avetote vos^hail ye. Avere, to hail. 
Salve, salveto tu, salvete, salvetdte vos. Salvere, to hail. 

Imper. Sing, cedo iu^tell thoUjPlur.cediievos^tellye. 
Indic. Pres. Ego quaeso, Ipray^ Plur. Nos quaesumus, 
we pray. 

PRETERITIVE VERBS. 

Odi, memini, coepi, are called Preteritive verbs, 
because they have only the Preterite tense, and those 
v^hich are formed from it ; 

1. Odi, oderam, 5dissem, odero, odisse, to hate. 

2. Memin-T,-eram,-erim,-issem,-ero,-isse,^o remember. 

3. Coepi, coepe-ram, coepe-rim, coepissem, coepero, 
coepisse, to begin. 

4. Nov-i, nov-eram, -erim, n5vissem, -ero, novisse, 

io know. Though 7idvi comes from nosco, noscere, 

novi, notiim, to know, 
9* 



use 



LATIN LESSONS. 



But under these they also comprehend the significa- 
tion of the o|her tenses ; as, memmi^ 1 remember, or^ I 
have remembered , odi^ I hate, or, I have hated ; novi^ I 
know, or, I have known ; c(Bpi\ 1 have begun, but not 
ccBpi, I begin. 

Part, perosus,, having greatly hated, exosus^ hating, 
hated. 

Imper. Sing, memento tu; Plur, mementote vos, 
remember ye, 

EXERCISES ON DEFECTIVE VERBS. 



Helvetii receperunt se in montem ut coeperant. 
Sunt boni cives qui oderunt proditores patriae. 
Homines sunt ingrati qui nunquam meminerunt beneficia. 
Discipulus est miser quern omnes boni pueri oderunt. 
Epiciiriis aiebat nihil est praestantius otiosa vita, 
iEsopus ob deformitatem culpatus inquit; '^Non forma 
sed mens est aspicienda." 



II. 



Go on boys as you have 
begun ; and learn to hate 
vice. 

I beg of you that you grant 
pardon. 

Good boys love knowledge, 
bad boys hate it. 

We cannot, say the soldiers, 
flee from the foe. 

William affirms, John de- 
nies. 



Pergo puerut coepi, et disco 
odi vitiiim. 

Quaeso a tii ut do venia. 

Bonus puer amo sapientia; 
malus puer odi is. 

Non possiim, inquam mi- 
les, fugio hostis. 

Gulielmus aio, Joannes ne- 



IMPERSONAL VERBS^ 



Are so called because the word or JVominative^ which 
is either understood or expressed, before them, cannot 
be Si person^ but a thing. 



LATIN LESSONS. 103 

1. Impersonal verbs are mostly used in that which is 
called the third person singular^ to which .it, instead of 
HE, is applied; as, delectat, it delights^ decet, i^ be^ 
comes^ contingit, it happens^ expedit, it profits, 

INDICATIVE. 
I. II. III. IV. 

Pres. delectat, decet, contingit. expedit, 

Imp. delectabat, decebat, contingebat, expediebat, 

Perf. delectavit, decuit, contigit, expedivit, 

Plup. delectaverat, decuerat, contigerat, expedlverat, 

F7it, delectabit. decebit. continget. expediet. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. &c. 

Pres, delectet, deceat, contingat, expediat, 

Lnp. delectaret, deceret, contingeret, expediret, 
Perf. delectaverit, decuerit, contigerit, expediverit, 
Plup. delectavisset, decuisset, contigisset, expedivisset, 
Fut. delectaverit. decuerit. contigerit. expediverit. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. delectare, decere, contingere, expedire, 
Perf. delectavisse. decuisse. contigisse. expedivisse. 

2, Most Passive verbs may he used impersonally in 
the passive voice ; as, turbatur, there is a disturbance^ 
ViRG. respondetur, it is answered; creditur, it is be- 
lieved; impeditur, it is hindered; but more especially 
those which otherwise have no passive voice; thus : 

INDICATIVE. 
I. II. HI. IV. 

It is fought. It is provided. It is run. It is come. 
Pr. pugnatur, cavetur, curritur, venitur, 
Im. pugnabatur, cavebatur, currebatur, veniebatur, 
P. pugnatum est, cautum est, cursum est, ventum est, 
PL pugnatum erat,cautum erat, cursum erat,ventum erat, 
jp'w. pugnabitur. cavebitur. curretur. venietur 



104 LATIN LESSONS. 

SUBJUNCTIVE, &c. 

Pr. pugnetur, caveatur, curratur, veniatiir. 

7m. pugnaretur, caveretur, curreretur, veniretur. 
P. pugnatum sit, cautum sit, ciirsum sit, ventum sit. 
PL pugnatum esset,cautum esset,cursum,8tc.ventum,&c. 
Fu. pugnatum fuerit5cautum,&c cursum, &.c. ventum, &lc. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pr. pugnari, caveri, curri, veniri. 

P. pugnatum esse,cautum, &lc. cursum ,&c. ventum, &c. 

Pw. pugnatum iri. cautum iri. cursum iri. ventum iri. 

EXERCISES ON IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



Pugnatiim est ab hostibus diu et fortiter. 
Favetur ab omnibus ut sint divites et potentes. 
Cursum erat ab militibus usque ad flumen Niliim. 
Ventum est ab extremis finibus Europae et Asiae. 
Itur ad astra cum Astraga dea 



It will be contested again 

at the ramparts. 
It has been provided that 

danger may be avoided. 
It will be run by all the 

boys. 
It was gone into the bowels 

of the earth. 



Pugnatiir iterum ad mu- 

nimentiim. 
Cavetiir ut periciilum evi- 

tor. 
Curritiir ab omnis puer. 

Itiir in viscera terra. 



ADVERBS. 



An Adverb is a part of speech,joinedin the con- 
struction to a noun.^ adjective., verb^ participle, or 
other adverb., to express some circwnstance, quality., 
or manner of their signification : splendide, men- 



LATIN LESSONS. 105 

dax, coinmendahly false — ^nunc frondent sylvae, 
now the woods are green — bene, notum, well 
known, 

1. Adverbs derived from adjectives are compared. 
For their comparatives, they take the neuter compara- 
tives of their piimitives ; and for their superlatives, the 
superlatives of the adjectives — W5 being changed into e, 
and sometimes into o and um. Mdgis and mdxzmediYe 
also used to express comparison. 

Acriter, acrms, acemme, sharply, earnestly. 
iEgre, aegrius. aegerrime,/ee6Zy, hardly, with difficulty 
Audacter, audacitis, audacissime, boldly, daringly. 
Btine, melius, optime, well, rightly, luckily. 
Celeriter, celerius, celerrime, quickly, hastily. 
Cito, cititis, citissime, suddenly, quickly, swiftly. 
Diligenter, diligentiCis, diligentissime, diligently^ carefully. 
Diti, diutius, diutissime, a long time, a very long time. 
Facile, faciiius, facillime, easily, readily, without much ado. 
Feliciter, fellcius, felicissime, happily, luckily, fortunately. 
Fortiter, fortius, fortissime, bravely, courageously. 
Jucunde, jucunditis, jucundissime, pleasantly, merrily, gladly. 
Leniter, lenius, lenissime, mildly, gently, patiently. 
Leviter, levitis, levissime, lightly, carelessly, slightly. 
Libenter, Itbenttus, libeutissime, willingly. 
Magnifice, magnificentius, magnificentissime, grandly. 
Magnum, magis, maxime, greatly, more, chiefly. 
Male, pejus, pessime, badly, improperly, unfortunately. 
Multtim, plus, plurimtim, much, more most, very much. 
Pridem, prius, primtlm, lastly, some while since. 
Parum, minus, minime, little, but a little, too little, ill. 
PrSpe, propius, proxime, nearly, near at hand, hard by. 
Saltibriter, salubrius, saltiberrime, healthfully, safely. 
Tenaciter, tenacitis, tenacissime, ^irmZy, retentively. 
Utiliter, utilius, utilissime, profitably, usefully. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

A Preposition is an indeclinable part of speech, 
set before a noun ; as, aptus ad amicitiam^ fit for 
friendship ; omnibics in terris^ in ^1 countries. 



106 



LATIN LESSONS. 



1. Prepositions not joined with a noun, become ad- 
verbs ; as, miie^ formerly, post^ afterwards, contra^ on 
the contrary. 



These twenty-eight Prepositions are set before the 
Accusative case. 



Ad, to, according to. 
Apud, at, near, among. 
Ante, before, since, ago 
Adverstis, against, towards. 
Adversum, against, towards. 
Contra, against, contrary to. 
Cis, citra, on this side, without. 
Circa, circum, about, round. 
Erga, towards, opposite to. 
Extra, without, beyond. 
Inter, between, among, in time. 
Intra, within, on this side. 
Infra, beneath, below. 
Juxta, according to, near to. 



Juxta, nigh to, near. 
Juxta, by, [hard by.] 
Ob, for, on account of 
Propter, /or, on account of. 
Per, by, through, during, among. 
Frdei^T, bedsides yexcept,contrary to. 
Penes, in the power of 
Post, after, behind, since. 
Pone, after, behind. 
Sectis, by, nigh to. 
Secundum, according to, near. 
Supra, above, before. [side. 

Trans, beyond, over, on the other 
VliTd-jfarthei^, beyond. 



These fifteen PrepositioxVS are set before the Ablative. 

A, from, by, after. 
Ah, from, by, after. 
Abs, from, by, after. 
Absque, without, [butfor.] 
Cttm, with, along with. 



Clam, without the knowledge of 
Coram, before, before the face. 
De, of, about, respecting. 



De, concerning, after. 

E, of, from, out of. 

Ex, of, from, out of. 

'Pro, for, instead of 

Pras, before, in comparison of. 

Palam, with the knowledge of. 

Sine, without. 

Tentis, up to, as far as. 



III. 
These four are set before the Accusative, when they 
signify motion to^vards a place ; and before the Ablative 
case when they signify motion in a place. 

1. In, in, (wiong^ into^ towards^ against. Sub, U7ider^ 
super, ahove^ subter, beneath. 

2. These are called Inseparable Prepositions^ being 
never found but in compound words ; am, round, tZ^, 
asunder, dzs^ asunder, re, again, se^ aside, cow, together. 



LATIN LESSONS. 107 

INTERJECTIONS. 

An Interjection is an indeclinable part of speech, 
throvm in betiveen the parts of a sentence, to ex- 
press a sudden and iiTegular passion, or affection ; 
accordingly, 

Some Interjections express 

1. Grie/; as, Ah ! hei! heu! eheu ! ah! alas! dhl oh! 

2. Wonder; as, Papae ! O strange! Ehem I hah! proh! 

3. Praise; as, Euge ! well done! O brave! 

4. Exclaiming; as, Ah ! pro ! proh ! O! Eja ! away! 
6. Imprecation; as, Vae ! wo! alas! alack! 

6. Laughter; as, Ha! ha! he! 

7. Aversion; as, apage, away! begone! 

8. Rejoicing; as, lo ! huzza! evax! ho! brave! 

9. Calling; as, heus ! so! ho! soho! do you hear! 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

A Conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, 
which joins sentences together, and thereby shows 
their dependence on one another. 

1. There are different kinds of conjunctions; but 
the most common are the Copulative and Disjunctive. 

2. The Conjunctions que — ve — ne — and^ or^ whether^ 
are called Enclitics^ and never stand alone, but are 
joined to the word which they follow. 

Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Inter- 
jections are included under the general name of 
Particles. 

EXERCISES ON PARTICLES. 
I, 

Horatius et Virgilius scripserunt carmina elegantissime. 
Milites pugnabant in agmine, fortissime cum gladiis. 
Viri ac mulieres pariter lamentabant commune pericu- 
lum. 



m 



LATIN LESSONS. 



In Campo sunt elephanti; ac in man sunt balaenae. 
Ah virgo infelix! nunc erras in montibus ac campis. 
Eheu puer miserande! fata tulerunt te in prima aetate. 
Heu! ubi est pacta fides, ubi conniibialia jiira. 
Timidi canes latrant ad homines vehementiiis quam 
mordent. 



II. 



Fortune often assists the 

brave and prudent. 
Jn adverse affairs prudence 
is generally a good leader. 
In life and death the love 

of God is a comfort. 
The man who abandons 

you in danger, never was 

a friend. 
So sea-water is salt that it 

may not putrify. 
Ah miserable boy! you see 

the dangers of your case. 
O cruel Alexis! you will 

finally compel me to die. 



Fortuna saepe adjuvofortis 

ac priidens. 
In ad versus res priidentia 

Slim vulgo bonus dux. 
In vita ac mors, amor 

Deus sum solatium. 
Homo, qui desero tu in 

periculum,nunquam sum 

amicus. 
Sic aqua marinus sum sal- 

sus ne putresco. 
Ah puer miser! nunc vi- 
deo periculum locus. 
O crudelis Alexis! denique 

cogo ego morior. 



SYNTAX. 



Syntax teaches us the proper anang-ement of 
words in sentences. Every sentence contains one 
proposition or several propositions. 

1. Each proposition or statement consists of a Subject 
and a Predicate, 

2. The subject is that of which something is affirmed 
or stated; the predicate is that which expresses the 
affirmation or what is stated of the subject. 



LATIN LESSONS. 109^ 

Thus in the proposition Pu^r amdt^ the boj loves ; pu^r is the 
subject and dmdt the predicate. 

3. The subject, and the predicate, taken singly, are 
baid to be Grammatical; but when taken with the 
words that modify them, are said to be Logical, 

Thus in the proposition M^7^/es CcBsdns pugndveru7it fortissimo ; 
the soldiers of Caesar fought most valiantly; milites is the gram- 
matical subject, milites Ccesdris the logical subject ; pugndverurd 
is the grarnmatical predicate, and pugndverunt fortissimo, the 
logical predicate. 

4. The subject and the predicate are also said to be 
Simple or Compound, as they consist of a simple sub- 
ject or predicate, or of several connected together. 

Thus in the phrase sol surgtt, the sun rises, the subject and 
the predicate are both simple ; but in the phrase, s6l et tuna sur- 
gunt et luceni; the sun and moon rise and shine, both the subject 
and the predicate are compound. 

ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN SENTENCES. 

To prevent confusion we have hitherto arranged the 
Latin sentences in the English order. The student is. 
now prepared to understand the principles of the Latin 
arrangement, which is generally in the following order : 

L The Introductory words^ whether Vocatives^ Con- 
nectives or Causatives. 

II. The Subject^ with the words that modify it. 

III. The Oblique cases, and other words that modify 
the verb or depend on it. 

IV. The Predicate or Fer J itself, for the most part at 
the close of the sentence. 

Thus, QuamobrSm, rex ! Paulas Apostolus ccelestem apparition- 
em non oppvgndvlt ; Wherefore, oh king ! Paul the Apostle did 
not oppose the heavenly vision. Here the introductory words 
are guamobrim rex, the Ibrmer being a causative, the latter a vo- 
cative; Paulus is the subject^ modified by Apostolus; ccelestem ap- 
paritibnOm, non, are the oblique cases, &,c., modifying oppugndvlt, 
and governed by it ; and lastly, oppugndvlt is the predicate or 
verb. 



110 LATIN LESSONS. 

L Adjectives commonly follow the nouns with 
which they agree. 

2. Oblique cases precede the words by which they 
are governed; but they follow prepositions. 

3. infinitives precede the verbs upon which they 
depend. 

4. Relatives are commonly placed after their ante- 
cedents, and near them. 

GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 

Look for the principal Predicate or verb, which is 
generally near the close of the sentence ; its number 
and person will indicate the subject or nominative near 
the beginning ; then proceed, as follows: 

I. Take the words that introduce the nominative. 

II. This nominative with the noun, adjective, or other 
words belonging to it. 

III. The verb with the words governed by it or de- 
pending upon it. 

IV. Prepositions with their cases, circumstances, &c. 

There are two parts in Syntax, Concord and Govern- 
menL 

Concord is when one word agrees with another. 
Government is when a word governs a certain case. 

OF CONCORD. 

CONCORD IS FOURFOLD. 

1. Of an Adjective with a Suhstantive. 

2. Of a Verb with a JVo?ninatwe. 

3. Of a Relative with an Antecedent. 

4. Of a Suhstantive with a Suhstantive, 

RULE I. 

Adjectives agree with the nouns which they de- 
scribe, in gender, number and case ; as, 
Boniis puer amatur, a good hoy is loved. \ 



LATIN LESSONS. Ill 

1. The term Adjective embraces adjective pronouns, and par- 
ticiples which accordingly agree w^ith nouns in gender, number 
and case. 

2. Adjectives, participles and the infinitive mood are some- 
times used as nouns ; as fortunatus insipiens, a fortunate fool. 
Cupidus amans, a fond lover, for cupTdiis amator. Amare est 
durum, to love is hard. 

I. 

Puellariim mater juvenis et pulchra est. 
Philosophi amici multi et valde potentes sunt. 
Stellae lijcidee apparent in coel5 circum liJnam. 
Homo in altis montibus aprds multos viderat. 
Pueri edaces mitia poma ex arbore carpserunt ac ed- 
erunt. 

II. 



All men are mortal. 

I have many very dear 

friends. 
The conscript fathers had 

then assembled. 
The sailor is ploughing 

the Adriatic sea. 
God governs the wide 

world. 



Homo omnis siim mortalis. 

Habeo multiis carus ami- 
cus. 

Pater conscriptiis tunc con- 
venio. 

Nauta mare Adriaticus 
seco. 

Deus mundus latus rego. 



RULE n. 

A Verb agrees with its Nominative, in number 
and person ; as. 

Ego amo, tu amas ille amat, puer amat, ilia amat, 
Nos amamus, vos amatis, illi amant, pueri amant. 

1. A collective noun generally takes a verb in the plural ; as, 
turba rtlunt. 

2. The nominatives, ego^ tu^ nos, and vos, are seldom express- 
ed in Latin. 

3. The nominatives, illud, istud, id, quod, fyc. are generally 
omitted before impersonal verbs. 



112 



LATIN LESSONS. 



4. The word there, coming before the English of the verb 
sum, is not expressed in Latin ; but the nominative to sum is 
placed after it ; as, est vir, there is a man. 



Ego scripseram epistolam ad meos amic5s in Gallia. 
Tu feceras ex aere aeneam imaginem. 
Virtus nohilitat ornatque sapientemregem. 
Nos iveramiis ad urbem cum familia. 
Nos mitteremus famulos cum ops5nio. 

TI. 



The timid hares flee. 

We will come to the gate. 

He had found a jewel in 

the rivulet. 
The word of God shall be 

immortal. 
The servants had eaten all 

the figs. 
Ye were friendly in my 

youth. 



Timidus lepus fugio. 

Ego venio ad porta. 

llle ofFendo gemma in ri- 
vus. 

Verbum Deiis sum immor- 
talis. 

Famulus flcus omnis com- 
edo. 

Tu sum amicus in meus 
juventus. 



RULE IIL 

Substantive verbs, verbs of naming" and gesture, 
have a Nominative both before and after them; as, 

Ego ero discipulus, / will he a scholar, 

1. Substantive verbs (that is definite) are sum, fio, fdr^m,exisio. 

2. Verbs of naming are appellor -ari, dicor, vdcor, nominor, 
nuncupor, — censSor, designer, cr^or, constltuor, cogndscor, ag- 
noscOr, inventor, rep^rior, existzmdr, hdb^or, sdlutor, vid^.dr. 

3. Verbs of gesture are eo, incedo, v^nlo, cicbo, sio,jdc^o, s^d^Oy 
sdpio, evddo, fugio, insiqiior, dormiOy somnlo, mdn^o. 



Annapolis est sedes Collegii Sancti Joannis. 
Publius Virgilius Maro salutatus est poeta. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



113 



Brutus et Aruns creati sunt consiiles, a RomanTs 

Cerberus stat janitor ad portas Erebi. 

Vashingtonia est Metropolis confoederatarum civita- 

turn Americae, 
Maryland icum agmen fuit inclytum in pugnis Defec- 

tionis Americanae. 



ir. 



Thy brother Jacob is a 
good scholar. 

Cr(Esus,king of the Lydians, 
was rich. 

Necessity is the mother of 
ail arts. 

In a republic the will of 
people is considered law^ 

Washington was called tl: e 
father of his country. 

General Francis Marion, on 
account of his ambus- 
cades in the swamps of 
Carolina, was called the 
"Swamp-Fox" by the 
British. 



Tuiis frater Jacobus sum 
boniisdiscipulus. 

Croesus rex Lydus dives 
sum. 

Necessitas mater ars omnis 
sum. 

In respublica popiiliis vo- 
luntas lex censeor. 

Vashingtdnius pater patria 
dico. 

Dux Franciscus Marion, ob 
insidiae in paluis Caro- 
lina, "Vulpes palustris" 
ab Britannicus, dico. 



RULE IV. 

Certain verbs require an Accusative case before 
the infinitive mood ; as, 

AudioPraesidem venire,7/iear that ihePresident is coming, 

1. This subject accusative of the infinitive mood corresponds 
to the subject nominative of finite verbs. 

2. That in English, is the sign of the Accusative case before 
the Infinitive mood in Latin. 

3. The accusative case before the Infinitive mood always de- 
pends on some other verb going before, which is generally a 
verb of information; as, audio, inteUigo, sSntio, 'p^rclpio, aninidd- 

10* 



114 



L A T I X LESSONS. 



vertOi cognosco, disco, video, cens^o, deprehendo, judico, exisilmo, 
puto^ opmor, suspicor, scio, nesclo, credo, experior, comperium 
hdbeo, coglto, inenuni, r^cordor, obliviscor, ^-c. 



Caesar audivit Helvetios esse in armis. 
Caesar hac oratione Dumnorigem designari sentiebat. 
Scimus s51em, lunam et Stellas praebere lucem 
Dixit missuruin esse exercimm in Galliam. 
Omnes homines insanire Horatius affirmavit. 
Historic! narrant Philippum obtruncatum esse a Pau- 
sania. 

11. 



You know that I love truth. 

I am glad the preceptor has 
come to school. 

He says that J have written 
letters to the king. 

You know not that you 
are the wife of Jove. 

I hear, that the President 
has returned to the Capi- 
tol. 

He perceives that all his 
friends have abandoned 
him. 

RULE y. 

Esse^ fuisse^fien^fore^ and the Infinitives of 
verbs of naming and gesture, have the same case 
after them, which they have before them ; as, 

Ames dici pater, you may love to he called father. 



Scio ego amo Veritas. 
Prseceptor venio ad schola 

gaudeo. 
Dico ego literas ad rex 

scribo. 
Tu sum uxor Jupiter ne- 

scio. 
Prseses redeo ad Capitoii- 

um audio. 

Suijs amiciis omnis ilie de 
sero, sentio. 



Nemo, ante obitum, dici beatns debet. 
Si tu vis vir bonus esse, cole caritatem. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



115 



Tu fis anus, tamen videri formosa vis. 
Solem esse Deum, Persae veteres credebant. 
!N"ympha, sua brachia fieri longos ramos, dolebat. 
Scivimus puerum fore decus ejus amicdrum. 



II. 



Vitellius forgot that he 
is emperor. 

They believed that Caesar 
was a tyrant. 

I hear that Alexander is 
made king of Macedon. 

They said that his son was 
appointed Tribune. 

We see that Nero is creat- 
ed emperor. 

Empedocles wished him- 
self to be considered a 
God. 



Vitellius sui siim impera- 

tor obliviscor. 
Credo Caesar sum Tyran- 

nus. 
Audio Alexander fio rex 

Maceddnia. 
Dico suus filiias constitiio 

TribiJniis. 
Video Nero creo impera- 

tor. 
Empedocles cupio sui ha- 

beo Deus. 



RULE VI. 

Relative pronouns agree with their Antecedents 
in gender and number ; but their cases, like those 
of nouns, depend upon the construction of the sen- 
tence ; as, 

Vir, qui miratur divitias, the man who admires riches. 

1. The Antecedent is a substantive noun that goes before the 
Relative, and is again understood to it ; as, Vir, qui vir, miratur 
divitias, the man, which man admires riches, 

2. The Relative agrees likewise with the Antecedent in per- 
son ; as, (Ego) adsum, qui, feci, Virg., 7 am present, who did it. 
Tu, qui amas, amaris, yoUy who love, are loved. 



Milites elegerunt diicem qui fortis est. 

Deiis, quem pii colunt, e5rum virtiates remiinerabit. 



116 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Helena, quae rapta est ab Paride, uxor fuit Menelai. 
Laocoon, qui Trojanum equum vulneravit, ab serpen- 

tibus periil. 
Thomas JefFersonius, qui Declarationem Independen- 

tiae scripsit, fuit tertius Praeses Civitatum Confoedera- 

tarum. 



The man who is here. 

The penknife which I 
bought, is worthless. 

The books which I read, 
entertain me much. 

These are friends whose 
counsel is valuable. 

The stags which were in 
the mountain, we shot. 

The farm which he sold, is 
fertile. 

General Andrew Jackson 
Avho was victorious at 
New Orleans, was elect- 
ed President. 



Homo qui adsum. 

Scalpelliim qui emo, pervi- 
lis sum. 

Liber qui leo ego multum 
delecto. 

Hie amicus sum qui consi- 
liiim pretiosus sum,. 

Cerviis, qui sum in mons, 
transfigo. 

Agellus qui vendo fertilis 
sum. 

Dux Andreas .Jacksonius, 
qui apud Novus Aureii- 
anum victor sum, Prae- 
ses eligo. 



KULE YIl. 

Two or more nouns singular require the verb, 
adjective, or relative, to be in the plural number; as, 

Codrus et Briitus, qui, amant patriam, sunt fortes, 
Codrus and Brutus.^ icho love their country^ are hrave 

1. When the substantives are of different slenders, and signify 
persons, the masculine gender is more worthy than the feminine 
or neuter ; as, Frater, et soror sunt amandi, a brother and sister 
are to ie loved. 

2. But if the substantives sisjnify things without life, the ad- 
jective or relative plural must be put in the neuter gender; as, 
Honor et laus sunt asstimanda, honor and praise are to be esteemed. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



117 



3. In two or more substantives of different persons, the first 
person is preferred before the second, and the second before the 
third ; as, Ego, tu, et Codriis, amamtis patriam nostram. Tu, 
Petrus, et Joannes, negligitis vestra sttidia. You, Peter and 
John neglect your studies. 

L 

Caesar Pompeius et Crassus erant primi Triumviri. 
Demosthenes et Cicero fuerunt oratores clarissimi. 
Duces Americani Sumteriis et Marion fuerunt fortes. 
Semper hon5s, nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. 
Tu, Georgius, Gulielmus, Henricus et Samuel eritis 
docti. 



Carthage and Corinth were 
destroyed by the Ro- 
mans. 

Honor and power are un- 
certain things. 

The father and mother 
who are dead, were kind. 

Washingtbli the American 
Commander in Chief, and 
the French Counts De- 
Rochambeau and De- 
Grasse after the victory 
at Yorktown, were ho- 
nored by the American 
Congress. 

RULE VIII. 

Substantives signifying the same thing, being 
put in opposition with each other, agree in case ; as, 
Pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin delicias, 
The shepherd Corydon fondly loved Alexis the darling, 

1. ^s, being f for y lUceyfUQ sometimes signs of apposition. 



Carthago et Corinth us ab 
Romanus deleo. 

Honor et potentia sum in- 
certus. 

Pater et mater qui sum 
mortuus, sum benevoliis. 

Vashingtonius imperator 
Americanus, ac Comes 
Gallicus De-Rochamb38- 
us et De-Grasseius, post 
victoria apud oppidiim 
Ebdracum, honoro ab 
Conorressiis Americanus. 



118 



LATIN LESSONS 



Baltimoria bis defensa est a duce Samuele Smithio. 
Urbs Roma a Romulo conditore ejus dicta est. 
Alexander, victor tot regum, a voluptate victus est. 
Ludovicus Philippus rex Gallise est prudens regnator. 
Praefectus Croghanus Ohiensis fortissime defendit ag- 

gerem Sanduskium. 
Fredericus Magnus Borussorum Rex, ensem ad Vash- 

ingtonium Praesidem misit cum his verbis "Ab duce 

maximo natu in Europa ad maximum ducem in or- 

be terrarum." 
Rossius dux Britannicus, Capitolii Americani vastator 

Vandalicus, in prcelid juxta Baltimdriam occisiis est a 

du5biis juvenibus Daniele Vellio acHenric5 G. Mc- 

C5ma. 

JT. 



The town of Columbus is 
the capitol of Ohio. 

Horace the Lyric poet 
wrote verses elegantly. 

Franklin the Philosopher, 
tamed the violence of 
lightning, and Tyranny. 

Joseph Warren, a brave 
American general, was 
slain in the battle of 
Bunker'^* Hill. 



Oppidum Columbus sum 
metropolis Ohio. 

Horatius poeta lyricus car- 
men eleganter scribo. 

Franklinius Philosophies 
vis fulmen ac tyrannis 
domo. 

Josephus Varrenius, fortis 
dux Americaniisjinproe- 
lium Bunkerius Collis 
occido. 



OF GOVERNMENT. 

GOVERNMENT IS FOURFOLD. 

Of Nouns. 

Of Adjectives. 

Of Verbs Personal and Impersonal. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



119 



THE GOVERNMENT OF NOUNS, 

RULE IX. 

One substantive governs another, of a different 
signification, in the Genitive ; as, 
Verbum Domini est purum, the word of the Lord is pure, 

1. Of,ov *s, with apostrophus, is the usual sign of this Geni- 
tive. 

I. 

Timor Dei est principium sapientise ac virtutis, 
Praemia virtutis sunt certa, vel in terra vel coelo. 
Mors omnium malorum sensum adimit. 
Mercurius fuit nuncius Jovis ac Dedrum. 
Victoria est regina insularum Britannicarum. 
Joannes Jaius primo constitiitus est judex supremus 
Civitatum Confoederatarum. 



The variety of languages is 

great. 
The fruits of friendship 

are pleasing. 
The last era of Cumaean 

song, has now arrived. 
No quadruped touched the 

blade of grass. 
James Madison was the 

fourth President of the 

United States. 



Varietas lingua sum mag- 

nus. 
Fructus amicitia sum gra- 

tus. 
Ultimus aetas carmen Cum- 

aeus jam venio. 
Nullus quadrupes herba 

gramen attingo. 
Jacobus M-ddisonius sum 
Praeses quartus Civitas 
ConfoederatuSo 



KULE X. 

If the last of two substantives has an adjective of 
praise or dispraise joined with it, then it may be 
put in the Genitive or Ablative ; as, 
[lie fuit puer alta mentej he was a hoy of a profound mind. 



120 



LATI^ LESSONS. 



1. The first of the two substa .tives is not always expressed y 
as, esto (vir) forii ammo, be (a man) of good courage. 



Martha Vashingtonii uxor fuit mulier alta mente. 
Numa fuit vir magna prudentia ac pietate magna. 
Catalina fuit vir mao^na vi et animi et corporis. 
Israel Putnamus Massachutensis fuit dux curae pervigi- 

lis. 
Cornelia Gracchorum mater fuit mialier indole n5bilis- 

sima. 
Joannes Randolphius Roanokiensis fuit orator promptse 

facundiae. 

II. 



The eagle is a bird of great 
age. 

The sun is a luminary of 
great splendor. 

Steam is a force of irresisti- 
ble power. 

The rose is a flower of 
very pleasant odor. 

Brigadier General Otho 
Holland Williams of Bal- 
timore, was a man of 
great bravery. 



Aqiiila sum avis longijs 
eetas. 

Sol sumluxmagnus splen- 
dor. 

Vapor sum vis impetus ine- 
luctabilis. 

Rosa sum flos odor jucun- 
dus. 

Legion arius Dux Otho Hol- 
landus Villiamius Balti- 
mdrensis, sum vir mag= 
nus virtiis. 



RULE XI. 

An adjective of the neuter gender without a 
substantive to agree with, governs the Genitive ; as, 

Multum auri aestimatur, much gold is esteemed, 

1. Neuter Adjectives, which govern the Genitive, generally 
denote quantity, nullum, tantum, quantum, multum, plus, pluri- 
mum, paululum. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



121 



Post prceiium multum auri et aliarum opum mventum est. 
Cicero habuil minus fortitiidinis quam Julius Caesar . 
Ecquid novi est in urbe de Nerone ? 
Quantum perf idiae fuit in traditdre Arnoldio! 
Victoria est praeclara in qua plus dementias est quan 
crudelitatis. 



II. 



So much wine will cause 
him to stumble. 

So much money will make 
friends, 

I have more money than 
your brother. 

How much error there is 
every where! 

What magnanimity there 
was in the case of the 
Signers of the Declara- 
tion of Independence! 



Tantum vinum is titiibo 

c5go. 
Tantiim pecunia amiciis ef- 

licio. 
Habeo plus peciinia, quam 

frater tuus. 
Quantum error ubique 

sum! 
Quantum magnanimitas 

sum in signator Inde- 

pendentia Declaratio. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 

RULE XII. 

Verbal Adjectives, that express desire, ignorance, 
knowledge, remembrance, and other affections of the 
mind govern the Genitive ; as, 

Horatius fuitcupidiis ipkcis<,Horace was desirous of peace 



Helvetii pacis ciipidi legatos ad Caesarem mittunt. 
Dumndrix qui fuit ciipidus rerum novarum, dixit. 
Joannes, qui fuerat insciiis rerum suarum, aberat. 
11 



122 



LATIN LESSONS. 



lesus Christus, mundi Salvator fuit patiens injuriarum. 
Plerique homines sunt mem ores mjuriarum ac contu- 
meliarum. 



He is desirous of honor. 
We oufi^ht always to live 

mindful of death. 
The Emperor's freed-man 
was a man patient of cold. 
Chief Justice Marshall was 
always most observant of 
equity. 
My brother was a man 
capable of profound 
thought. 

RULE XIII. 

Partitives, interrogatives, indefinites, numerals, 
comparatives, and superlatives, govern the Geni- 
tive plural ; as, 

Hie philosophorum erratj^Ais one ofthepJiilasophers errs. 



lUe sum ciipidus honor. 

Vivo semper memor lethus 
debeo. 

Imperator libertus sum ho- 
mo patiens algor. 

Marshallus Judex Supre- 
mus semper sum obser- 
vantissimus aequum. 

Prater meus sum vir capax 
mens altus. 



Methuselaeus hominiim fuit maximus natu. 
Amazon maximum omnium fluminum est. 
Quis mortalium est vacuus ab curis et molestiis ? 
Theophrastus elegantissimus philosophdrum erat. 
Joannes Adamiiis praesidum Americanorum secundus 
fuit. 

II. 



Of all these, the Belgians 
are most brave. 

Cicero was the most ele- 
gant of all orators. 



Hie omnis fortis sum 

Belgae. 
Orator omnis elegans sum 

Cicero. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



123 



Heliodorus was the most 
learned of the Greeks. 

Ilione was eldest of the 
daughters of Priam. 

The river Mississippi is 
the longest of rivers. 



Graecus doctus sum Helio- 

d5rus. 
Ilione sum raaximiis iilia 

Priamus. 
FlumenMississipiensTs Ion- 

gissimus flumen sum. 



RULE XIV. 

Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit, likeness 
or unlikeness, or any which have the sign to and 
for after them, govern the Dative ; as, 
Poeta est utilis urbi, a j)oet is useful to the community, 
I. 

Vitis est gratissima Baccho, myrtiis formosce Veneri. 
Urbem Romam putavi similem nostrae urbi. 
Videt igne micantes ociilos similes sideribiis. 
Hector cum copiis Trojanis ivit obvius hostibiis. 
Praeceptor f uit bonus et benignus omnibus. 

II. 
This boy is like his father. 
The law is hurtful to the 

state. 
Thy friendship is grateful 

to me. 
The dew upon the grass, 

is grateful to the flock. 
The stars are convenient 

to mariners. 



Gunpowder and cannon 
are useful for war. 



Puer sTmilis pater sum. 
Lex gravis respublica 

sum. 
Tuus amicitia sum gratis 

ego. 
Ros in tener herba sum 

peciis gratus. 
Stella sum nauta commo- 

dus. 
Pulvis nitratiis et tormen- 

tum sum utilis belliim. 



RULE XV. 
The Comparative Degree governs the Ablative, 
\53iose sign is than ; as, 

Sapientia est melior gemmis^wisdom is better than jewels. 



124 



LATIN LESSONS. 



1. This Ablative after the comparative decree, is frequently 
resolved by quam; thus, Sapientia est melior quam gemmae 
(sunt.) 

I. 

O fons Blandusiae splendidior vitro ! 

Nerine est form5si6r alba hedera. 

Tu es levior cortice, iracundior mari Atlaiitico. 

Viliiis argentum est aiird, virtute aurum. 

Honesta mors turpi vita potior est. 

Nullus dux unquam fuit Ibrtior Bar one De-Kalbio. 



II. 



than 



No one was braver 

Count Pulaski. 
No orator was more 

quent than Cicero. 
Air is heavier than 

lighter than water. 
Galatea is sweeter 

thyme,whiter than swajis^ 

fairer than ivy. 
Mary is more beautiful 

than Venus, and proud- 
er than Juno. 



elo- 



fire, 



than 



Nemo fortis Comes Pulas- 

kius sum. 
Nullus Orator Cicero fa- 

cundiis sum. 
Aer ignis onerdsus sum, 

aqua levis. 
Galatea thymus dulcis, cy- 

cnus candidus, hedera 

formosus. 
Maria Venus formosus 

sum, et Juno superbus. 



RULE XVI. 



Digitus^ mdigjius^ contentus^ prcBdltus^ captus^ 
and fretus; also, ndtus^ progiidtus^ sdtics, ortus^ 
editus^ gmltuSj progenitics, and the like, govern 
the Ablative ; as, 

Hie puer est dignus laude, this hoy is worthy oj praise. 



flli soli honore digni sunt, qui sunt praediti virtute. 
Musa virum laude dignum mori vetat. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



125 



Mens hominis est pr2edita motu sempiterno. 
Disce, fill mi, esse contentus parvo, etfelix eris. 
Yashingtonius fuit editus antiquissima familia Anglica. 



The boy is deprived of 
his eyes forever. 

The Gauls boast that they 
are descended of Pluto. 

Arnold the traitor, was a 
man of great fortitude, but 
endued with no virtue. 

Sandrocottus, a man born 
of a mean family, was 
the assertor of their li- 
berty. 



Puer captiis oculus semper 
sum. 

Gallus praedico sui sum 
prognatus Dis. 

Arnoldiiis traditor sum vir 
magniis fortitudo, sed 
nullus virtiis praeditus. 

Sandrocottus, vir humilis 
genus natus, sum asser- 
tor libertas. 



RULE XVII. 

Adjectives of plenty or want govern the Genitive 
or Ablative ; as, 

Omnia sunt plena Dei, all things are full of God, 

1. Benigntis, expers, imp5s, liberalis, mtinif ictis, parciis, trun- 
cus, vacub.3, prodigtis, indigus, pauper, divSs, particeps, have 
the sign 0/ after them and mostly govern the Genitive. 

2. Beatus, difFertus, mutilus, tumidus, turgldus, orbus, sjavis, 
have the sign with or in after them, and govern the ABlative 
only. 

I. 



Longa senectiis saepe est plena maloriim et molestiarum. 
Haec insula est dives pecorum, et copiosa caprarum. 
Hi montes sunt uberes plumbd et frequentes sylvarum. 
Milites fuerunt liberales pecuniae, et munifici laudis. 
Pueri pluteus est plenus mails ; et crumenae Castaneis 
nucibus refertse. 

ir 



126 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Beasts are void of reason 
and speech. 

The age is barren in vir- 
tues, and fruitful in vices. 

Alexander, full of sweat, 
and being taken with the 
pleasantness of the river, 
cast himself in the w^ater. 

Persepolis the metropolis 
of the Persian empire, 
was filled with the spoils 
of the world. 



Fera expers ratio et oratio 

sum. 
Seculum sum sterilis virtias 

et foecundus vitiiim. 
Alexander sudor plenus, 

flumen amoenitas captus, 

sui in aqua projicio. 

PersepolisPersicus regnum 
caput,spoliiim orbis terra 
refertus sum. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 



RULE XVIII. 

Sum^ when it signifies possession, property, value, 
or duty, governs the Genitive ; as, 

Terra est Domini, tlie earth is the LordPs — belongs to 
the Lord. 

1. This Genitive, which is said to be governed by est^ is 
governed by ndturd, mos, ing^nium, propriHds, infirrrdtds, indici- 
uiJiy nota, n^gotium, officium, opus, munus, res, or some other 
words, understood. 

I. 

Est matris amare et curare suos liberos. 
Est adolescentis semper revereri seniores. 
Est pastoris boni pecus tondere non deglubere. 
Est timidi mortem optare, sed fortis animi despicere. 
Est praeceptoris docere, et discipiili diligenter studere. 
Fuit consulis cives defendere et consulere rebiis. 
Est stulti pueri lusum amare, et studia negligere; et est 
praeceptoris eum punire. 



LATIN LESSONS 



127 



II. 



The house is my brother's. 

Zeal belongs to youth, pru- 
dence to old age. 

It did not belong to ancient 
custom to burn the dead. 

It is the mark of a fool not 
to wish to learn. 

Prudence belonged to 
Washington, rashness to 
Wayne. 



Domus siim frater meus. 
Ardor sum juventiis, prii- 

dentia senectiis. 
Non sum vetus institiituni 

cremo mortuus. 
Sum insipiens non volo 

disco. 
Prudentia sum Vashingto- 

nius, temeritas Vaynius- 



RULE XIX. 

Misereorj Qniseresco^ and sdtdgOj govern the 
Genitive; as^ 

Miserere tuorum civiiim, do pity your countrymen, 

1. The Genitive after satago, is more properly governed by the 
adverb sat, in composition. 

I. 

Mors nee divitum nee pauperum miseretiir. 
Si te mea gratia non tangit, coeli tuT miserere ! 
Miserere tantorum labdrum ; miseresce mei quoque. 
Socrates irariim et molestiarum muliebriiam sategit. 
Cicero, per noctes per diesque, rerum publicarum sa- 
tegit. 

11. 



Pity your unhappy coun- 
trymen ! 

Take pity on a man endur- 
ing adversity. 

By these tears I entreat 
you, pity a falling race. 



Tuus infelix civis mis- 

ereor. 
Miseresco homo ferens 

res adversus. 
Per hie lacryma tu ore 

domus labens misereor 



128 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Charles the Fifth was busy 
whh military affairs. 

Our consul is sufficiently 
engaged with the affairs 
of the State. 



Carolus Quintus res mili- 

taris satago. 
Consiil nosterres publiciis 

satago. 



RULE XX. 



Rtcordor^ memini^ remimscor^ and oblivlscor, 
govern the Genitive or Accusative ; as, 
Recorder lectioms vel lecti5nem, /re??ze??iJer the lesson. 



Petrus verba Domini recordatiis est flevitque. 

Vir bonus, injiJriarum obliviscitur, sed beneficidrum 
reminiscitiir. 

Vir improbiis flagitiorum su5rum obliviscitiir sed tan- 
dem, cum dol5re eorum recordabitiir. 

Gain priorem libertatem recordati sunt et pugnaverimt 
fortissime. 

Animus meminit praeteritoium, praesentia cernit et futu- 
ra praevidet. 

II. 



I have wholly forgotten 
myself and family. 

We have not forgotten our 
wives and children. 

It will be pleasant, hereaf- 
ter, to recall these things. 

Cyrus recollected all the 
names of his soldiers. 

Joseph said 1 beseech thee, 
that thou remember me. 

The American Congress 
was not forgetful of God, 
in public affairs. 



Prorsus obliviscor ego ac 

familia. 
Non obliviscor conjux et 

liberi. 
Juvat olim hie negotiiim 

memini. 
Cyrus nomen suiis omnis 

miles recordor. 
Josephus dico, tu rogo ut 

ego mem mi. 
Congressus Americaniis in 

res publiciis Deus nor. 

obliviscor. 



LATIN LESSONS. 129 



RULE XXI. 

Verbs of plenty or scarceness, govern the Geni 
tive or Ablative; as, 

Crassus abundabat divitiis, Crassus abounded in riches. 

1. Egeo and indigeo to be in need of, mostly govern the Geni- 
tive; the other verbs being followed by the sign with, from or in, 
govern the Ablative. 

I. 

Natura eget paucorum ; nee eget per longum tempiis. 
Arbores mails abundant ; et rivi piscibiis scatent. 
Vir qui virtijte caret, omnium indiget. 
In praeliis Defectlonis, milites American! saspe cibis et 

vestitibus indiguerunt. 
Multi homines auro atque argentd abundant, quorum 

domus scelere affluunt. 



@ne wants a bridle, aMother 
a spur. 

He is not so destitute of 
skill as of industry. 

To be free from fault, is a 
very great comfort. 

The man who was con- 
demned, is free of all 
fault. 



All^ ^pa^^m, alter calc^ 

egeo. 
Non tam ars indigeo quam 

labor. 
Vaco culpa sum maximus 

solatium. 
Homo, qui condemno om- 

nis culpa careo. 



RULE XXII. 

SuTUj used for habeo^ to have^ governs the Da- 
tive of the possessor ; as, 

Liber est mihi, / have a hook^ or, a hook is to me, for 
ego habeo librum. 



130 



LATIN LESSONS, 



Augusto fuit prompta et profluens facundia. 
Sunt mihi poma mitia, lac et nuces Castaneee. 
Est leoni, magna et prsecipua generositas. 
Fuit Caesari, utpote viro magnd, magna dementia. 
Fuerunt Carthaginiensibus cum Romanis multa certam- 
ina. 



Hares havevexy great swift- 
ness. 

The man had the greatest 
audacity. 

The ancients had caves 
for habitations. 

The Americans had many 
battles with the British. 



Maximus sum velocitas le- 
pus. 

Maximus sum audacia ho- 
mo. 

Vetias sum antrum pro 
domiis. 

Sum Americanus cum Bri- 
tanniciis multiis prseiium. 



RULE XXIII. 



Sum andforem used for afferOyto brings govern 
two Datives ; the one of a person, and the other 
of a thing ; as, 

Hoc est voliiptati mihi this is (brings) a pleasure tome. 



Ut vitis arboribus decori est, tu es decori amicis. 
Uvae decori vitibus sunt, tauri gregibiis, et segetes arvis. 
Mare saepe est exitio nautis avidls. 
Hie fuit parenti magnd adjiimento in periciilo. 
Jactiira, tamen generis humani fuit doldri omnibus 

Deis. 
Florentia fuit puella benevolo animo, et fuit magno 

solatio matri. 



LATIN LESSONS. 131 



It brought (was) great ho- 
nor to the pious youth. 

It will bring (be) destruc- 
tion to the State. 

He hopes this thing will 
be great honor to him. 

The same love is destruc- 
tion to the flock, and to 
the keeper of the flock. 



Sum magnus honor pius 

puer. 
Sum exitiiim civitas. 

Spero hie res forem mag- 

nils honor ille. 
Idem amor sum exitium 

pecus, magisterque pe- 

ciis. 



RULE XXIV. 

All verbs or participles of acquisition govern the 
Dative, to ox for which any thing exists, or is done ; 

as, 

Seges crescit hominibiis, corn grows for men. 



To and for are the signs of acquisition ; but the following 
verhs govern the Dative without having the signs : 

1. Verbs signifying to Favor, or Help, and to Profit or Hurt, 
govern the Dative ; diS, fdveo, prof icio. 

2. To Command — Obey — Serve or Resist, govern the Dative ; 
as, praecipio, mando. 

3. To Threaten — Be angry with — Reproach, govern the Da- 
tive ; as, minor, commlnor. 

4. To Trust — and to Show — to Tell, govern the Dative ; as, 
fido; dico. 

5. Verbs compounded with SattSy B€n€ and Male govern the 
Dative ; as, saiUfdcio, bSn&dico. 

6. The compounds of Sum, except possum, govern the Dative. 

7. Verbs compounded with these ten Prepositions, govern the 
Dative ; ad, ante, con, in, inUr, oh, post, prcB, sub, and sup^r; as, 
asplro, aniefero, 

I. 

Sapientes laborant reipublicae et sibi. 

Boni imperant cupiditatibiisj quibus alii serviunt. 



132 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Nec artes d6mln5 prosunt quae omnibus prosunt. 

Est sapientis placere Deo, prdficere homini et prospi- 

cere suae saluti. 
Deus nobis imperavit, ejus verbd auscultare, monitis 

parere, legibus obedire. 



My gifts appear mean to 
you, oh Alexis ! 

The woods please us, be- 
yond all things. 

Oh boy! do not trust too 
much to your color. 

New milk does not fail me 
in summer nor in winter. 

Major-General William 
Smallwood, who com- 
manded the Maryland 
line, after the death of 
the Baron De-Kalb, was 
a very brave soldier. 



Munus meiis tu sordeo, 
Alexis ! 

Sylva ego, ante omnis pla- 
ceo. 

Puer! nimium color ne 
credo. 

Lac noviis per aestas nec 
per hiems ego desum. 

Gulielmus Smallvoodius, 
dux imperatorius, qui, 
post casus Baron De- 
Kalbius, agmen Mary- 
landicus praesum, miles 
fortis sum. 



RULE XXY. 

Active verbs, govern the Accusative of the ob- 
ject affected by the action ; as, 

Pii amantDeum et omnes^good men love God and all men, 

1. Deponent and Neuter Verbs of an active signification, also 
govern the Accusative ; as, superbia comitattir hQnores, pride 
accompanies honors. 

I. 

India mittit ebur, molles Sabaei sua thura. 
Agricolae, humida solstitia, atque hiemes serenas orate. 
Nunc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant. 
Nos patriae fines, et dulcia linquimiis arva. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



133 



Torva leaena lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam. 
Tribunus Aaron Burrhus Alexandrum Hamiit5nium Eb- 

oraci JNTovi gubernatorera, in duell5 apud Hobokenum, 

occidit. 



II. 



Libra makes the hours of 
day and night, equal. 

I could now reach the 
boughs from the earth. 

Rivalry excites talent, and 
admiration excites imi- 
tation. 

Major-General William 
Henry Harrison, who 
conquered the forces of 
the British and Indians, 
in the battle at the river 
Thames, was elected 
President of the United 
States. 



Libra hora dies noxque 
par facio. 

Jam possum a terra contin- 
go ramus. 

jEmiilatio alo ingenium et 
admiratio imitatio ac- 
cendo. 

Gulielmiis Henricus Harri- 
sonius, Dux imperatori- 
us, qui Britanniciis Indi- 
cusque copiae in praeli- 
um apiid flumen Tha- 
mesis, devinco, praeses 
Civitas Foederatus elio^o. 



RULE XXVI. 

Utor, abutor, friior, fungor, potior, vescor, govern 
the Ablative ; as, 

Debemus iiti diligentia, we ought to use diligence. 

1. Nitor, gaudeo, victito, conf Tdo, nascor, consto, also govern 
the Ablative ; as, numero deus impare gaud^t, the god rejoices 
in an uneven number. 



Caesar frumento, quod subvexerat in navibus, uti non 

poterat. 
Pueri abuti tempore quod pretidsiim est, non debent. 
Boni, qui imperant voluptatibiis, eeterna vita fruentur. 
12 



134 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Hoc munere dux functus est maxima cum laude. 
Quum pugnatum sit diu, nostri castris et impedimentis 
potiti sunt. 

II. 



Old age does not use the 
sword, but rather coun- 
sel and reason. 

vSo use present pleasures 
that you may not injure 
future ones. 

The American Indians live 
mostly on fish and flesh 
of wild animals. 

When Marion invited the 
British officer to dinner, 
he fed on sweet potatoes 
roasted in the fire. 



Senectus non gladius sed 
potius consilium et ratio 
utor. 

Sic utor praesens voluptas, 
ut non noceo futiirus. 

Indicus Americanus piscis 
et feriniis caro pleriim- 
que vescor. 

Cum Marion ad prandium 
dux BritannTcus invitor 
suavis battata in focus 
tostus vescor. 



ACTIVE VERBS GOVERNING ANOTHER CASE BESIDES 
THE ACCUSATIVE. 

RULE XXVII. 

Verbs of accusing, condemning, warning, and 
acquitting, govern the Accusative of the person, 
and Genitive of the crime or thing ; a^, 
Cicero acciisavit Verrem furti, 
Cicero accused Verres of theft. 

1, This Genitive, after verbs of accusing, is not really govern- 
ed by the verb, but by poena, criminej actidnCj causa, kc. under- 
stood. 



Rex temeritatis ipsum condemnat; et damna reparat. 
Gulielmus Virtius criminis majestatis Aaronem Bur- 
rhiim accusavit 



LATIN LESSONS. 



135 



Est stulti, peccati alterum accusare conscius cujus 

ipse est. 
Alexander, in transitu, admoniiit eos benefici5rum ejiis 

patris. 
Postquam homo se purgaverat criminum quae allata 

sunt; judex injiiriae eum absolvit. 



The deputies accused the 
general of extortion. 

The judge condemned the 
young man of parricide. 

Infirmity reminds us of 
mortality; sickness warns 
us of death. 

The court-martial convict- 
ed General Hull of cow- 
ardice, but acquitted him 
of treason. 



Legatus repetundae dux ac- 

cuso. 
Judex parricidiiim juvenis 

condemno. 
Infirmitas mortalitas ego 

admoneo ; moibus mors 

ego moneo. 
Ciiria militaris timor Dux 

HuUius convinco, sed is 

proditio absolvo. 



RULE XXVIII. 

Yerbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking 
away, govern the Dative with the Accusative ; as, 
Comparo Virgilium Homero, / compare Virgil to Homer. 

1. ^ny verb may govern the Accusative and Dative when 
together with the object of the action, it expresses the person 
or thing in relation to which it is exerted. 

2. Do, dono, verto, duco, tribuo, hdbSo, r^linquo, mitto, govern 
an Accusative with two Datives ; as, hoc do tibi laudi, I give 
you this for a praise. 

I. 

Sic magna negotia componere parvis solebam. 
Navita tum stellis numer5s et nomina fecit. 
Animalia caetera terram spectant ; sed Deiis homini os 
sublime dedit. 



136 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Puer dommo omiiem rem narravit et mihi causam me- 

moravit 
Dolor hominibus fructum voluptatis aufert, et oculis 

somnum adimit. 

II. 



The sailor rescued the 
little child from death. 

I compare the "Paradise 
Lost " of Milton to the 
"Iliad" of Homer. 

The American soldiery 
preferred liberty to life. 

The American Congress 
awarded a sword to 
General Mordecai Gist, 
for his gallant deeds in 
the battle of Camden. 



Nauta puer parvus letum 
eripio. 

Ilias Homerus, Paradisus 
Amiss us Miltonius com- 
pare. 

Miles Americanus vitaliber- 
tas, antepono. 

Comitia Americana Dux 
Mordecaius Gistius, ob 
res gestus in praelium 
apud Camdenum, ensis 
do. 



RULE XXIX. 

Terbs of asking and teaching, govern two Accu- 
satives, the one of a person, and the other of a 
thing; as, 

Pacem te p5scimus 5mnes, we all leg peace of you. 

1. Celo and moneo also govern two Accusatives ; as, Cela 
banc rem servos, hide this thing from the servants ; Moneo te of- 
f icium, I advise you your duty. 



Hoc unum oro te ut redeas in rectam vitam. 
Catilina juventijtem Romanam mala facinora docebat. 
Quotidie Caesar ^du5s frumentiim flagitabat. 
Minerva Telemachum omnes artes suas docebat. 
Roga Deum vitam, salutem, victum, vestltum et men- 
tem quietam. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



137 



Major Andre besought 
Washington for a mili- 
tary death. 

Let Americans teach their 
sons justice and liberty! 

Who taught Epaminondas 
music ? 

The Americans sought aid 
of Louis XVI king of 
the French. 



Legatiis Andreas Vashing- 

t5niiis mors militaris 

oro. 
Americaniis fiMs suiis jus- 

titia et fortitudo doceo ! 
Quis miisica Epaminondas 

doceo ? 
Americaniis auxilium Lu- 

dovicus Decimiis Sextiis 

rex Gallus, 5ro. 



XXX. 



Verbs of loading, filling, binding, clothing, re- 
warding, and their contraries, govern the accusative 
of the person or object, and the Ablative and some- 
times the Genitive, of the thing ; as, 
Onerabat navem tritico, He loaded ihe ship with wheat. 



Tyrannus sanguine, caede et luctii patriam replevit. 

Mali illecebris viti5riim alids irretire conantur. 

Vetusti pellibus ferarum sua corpora vestire solebant. 

Navarchus armis et commeatibus navem onerabat et 
e portu egressus est. 

Ducem Danielem Morganum et tribiinos Joannem E. 
Hovardum Baltimorensem ac Gulielmiim Vashing- 
tdniiim Virginiensem, ob res gestas in pugna apud 
Cowpens, medallis Congressus donavit. 

n. 

After he had burnt the city, I Postquam incendo urbs, 
he glutted himself with sui caedes ac devastatio 
slaughter and ruin. satio. 

12* 



138 



LATIN LESSONS. 



The general defrauded his 
soldiers of their food and 
money, after the battle. 

They filled the golden 
goblets with wine. 

Congress presented Colonel 
Tench Tilghman, who 
announced the surrender 
of Yorktown, w^ith a 
sword and a caparisoned 
horse. 



Dux suiis miles victus et 
pecunia, p5st praelium 
fraudo. 

Cratera aureus vinum im 
pleo. 

Congressus ensis equusque 
ephippiatiis dono tribu- 
nus Tenchius Tilghma- 
nus, qui nuncio deditio 
apud oppidum Ebora- 
cum. 



RULE XXXI. 

The Passives of Active verbs governing two or 
more ca^es, retain the latter ; cis, 

Milo accusatur majestatis, Mllo is accused of treason, 

I. In the use of passive verbs of this kind, that which was 
the Accusative of the active verb, becomes the Nominative of 
the passive ; and the other case or cases are retained. 



Passive. Active. 

Verres accusatiir furti. Cicero acciJsat Verrem furti, R. 27. 
Ille comparatur Homerd. Comparo ilium Homero, R. 28. 
H5c ducitur honori tibi. Duco hoc honori tibi, R. 28. 
Pax poscitur te. Pacem te poscimus omnes, R. 29. 

Navis onerabatilr tritico. Onerabat navem tritico, R. 30. 



Alfred the Great, is often 
compared with the illus- 
trious Washington. 

Valerian was deprived of 
his eyes, by king Sapor. 



Alfredus magnus Vashing- 
toniiis clariis sagpe com- 
paro. 

Valerianiis ocultis privo a 
rex Sapor. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



139 



Commodore Decatur was 

deprived of life, in a 

duel, by Commodore 

Barron. 

In the battle of Stonington, 

her infant brother while 

asleep, was rescued from 

death by Mary Ann Gibbs 

a young girl. 



Decatur navium praefectiis 
vita privo a Barron prae- 
fectiis. 

In pugna Stoningtoniensis, 
frater infans dormiens 
eripio mors, a puella 
Maria Anna Gibsia. 



RULE XXXII. 



Passive verbs govern a Dative of the agent vi^hose 
sign is by ; but oftener an Ablative, for the most 
part, with a or ab ; as, 

Non audior ulli, / am not heard by any. 



Res hominis boni nunquam negliguntur a Deo. 
Carthago deleta est a Scipione Africano duce celebri. 
Scholae Sabbaticae institutse sunt Robert5 Raiki Angli- 

can5 philanthropico. 
Ars typdgraphica inventa est a Joanne Guttenbergo, 

Germano. 
Vectis mechanica primum formata est ab Archimede 

Syracusan5 mathematico. 



Lightning rods made of 

iron, were invented by 

Doctor Franklin. 
Learning and virtue are 

sought by few, pleasure 

bv many. 



Electricus virga ferreus in- 

venio a Doctor Frank- 

linius. 
Doctrina et virtus appeto a 

pauci, v51uptas a mul- 

tus. 



140 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Queen Thessalonice was 
slain by her son Anti- 
pater a wicked youth. 

The king is neither loved 
nor feared by his sub- 
jects. 



Regina Thessalonice a fil- 
iiis Antipater jijvenis 
impius, occido. 

Rex nee amo, nee formido 
civis. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

RULE XXXIII 
An impersonal verb governs the Dative ; as, 
Contigit mihi esse illic, / happened to he there. 

Excep. 1. Refert and Interest require the Genitive ; as, Re- 
fert militum, it concerns the military. 

Excep. 2. Mis^r^t, pcenlt^t, pudH, tcedei, piget, govern the 
Accusative of a person with the Genitive of a thing ; as, Misg- 
ret me pauperum civmm, I pity the poor citizens, 

Excep. 3. D^cSt, delectdt, juvdt, oportit, govern the Accusa- 
tive of a person, with the Infinitive ; as, Decet te esse aequum, it 
becomes you to be just. 

I. 

Contingit adolescent! ut esset carils senatui populoque. 
Refert omniiirn colere virtiiteni et misereri miserorum. 
Miseret me vestrum adversirs qu5s proelia parantur. 
Decet omnes vacare odio, ira, inimicitia atque invidia. 
Conducit saliiti vivere ex natirra, et expedit nobis ita 
vivere. 

II. 



It is right for the repub- 
lic, to defend its citizens. 

It concerns a father now 
to provide for the edu- 
cation of all his chil- 
dren. 



Expedit respublica cTvis 

defendo. 
Refert pater nunc educa- 

tl5 omnis suus liberi, 

consiilo. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



14] 



Burr is ashamed of his 
many crimes. 

It will delight you to wit- 
ness these things. 



Pudet Burrhiis multus suus 
facinus. 

Juvattu hie negotium vi- 
deo. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLES, 
GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 

RULE XXXIV. 

The Infinitive mood is governed by the verb, 
participle, adjective, or noun, upon which it depends; 
as, 
Cupimus vitare mortem, we wish to avoid death. 



Gain impetum nostrorum militum sustinere non poterant. 
Tu es bonus calamos leves infiare, ego dicere versus. 
Tempus est hujus libri facere finem. 
Illecebras voluptatum vitare debemus omnes. 
Apollo Cupidinem flectentem arcum nervo adducto vide- 
rat. 



II. 



Mercury is said to have in- 
vented the harp. 

i will take care to avoid 
intemperance and crime. 

The general saw the enemy 
attempting to flee. 

This age is prone to com- 
mit every crime. 



lyra 



mvenio 



Merciirius 

dico. 
Curo vito intemperantia ac 

facinus. 
Dux video hostis tentans 

fugio. 
Hie gens sum promptus 

committo nefas omnis. 



RULE XXXV. 

Participles govern the same case wnicn their 
verbs govern ; as, 
Labdrans sibi valet, laboring for himself he is loelL 



m 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Multi abundantes auro quiescere non possuiit, R. 21. 
Consentiens his conditionibus rex abdicavit, R. 24. 
Tendens ad astra duplices palmas, oravit Jovem, R. 25. 
Accusans Verrem furti usus est 6rati5ne magnilo- 

qua, R. 27. 
Alexander potitus JEgyipto sine certamine pergit in 

Libyam consulturus Jovem Hammdnem, R. 26. 



Law is right reason, com- 
manding what is right. 

The Asiatics, remembering 
the dignity of Berenice's 
father, sent aid. 

Silanius, being asked his 
opinion, voted that pun- 
ishment was to be in- 
flicted. 

Magistrates promoting the 
public interest, observing 
the laws and favoring 
virtue, are worthy of 
honor. 



Lex Slim rectus ratio im- 

perans honestiis. 
Asiaticiis, dignitas pater 

Berenice recordans aux- 

iliiim mitto. 
Silanius, rogatias sententia, 

supplicium sum sumen- 

dus, decerno. 

Magistratiis serviens utili- 
tas commiinis, parens lex 
et favens virtiis, sum 
dignus honor. 



RULE XXXVI. 



Gerunds have the construction of nouns, and 
govern the same case which their verbs govern ; as, 

Vivendum illic est mihi, living there is to me — / miLSt 
live there. 



Ego sum promptiis ad audiendum tuam lectionem. 
Equi, ante domandum, ingentes animds toUunt* 



LATIN LESSONS 



143 



Virtus traditiir instituendo, non minis et vi, R. 39. 
Cupidus sum satisfaciendi reipublicae pro injuriis Hel- 

vetiorum. 
Limus generat ranas truncas pedibus, mox dat criira 

apta natand0» 

II. 



We must sow, even after a 
bad harvest. 

We must pray that we 
may have a sound mind 
in a sound body. 

The custom of disputing 
is wicked. 

Caesar orders all the ships 
fit for fighting, to be col- 
lected. 



Etiam post malus messis 

serendum sum ego. 
Orandum siim ego, ut sum 

mens saniis corpus in 

sanus. 
Consuetiido disputandum 

sum impius. 
Caesar impero omnis navis 

aptus ad pugnandum, 

colligo. 



RULE XXXVII. 

The Supine in -urn, follows a verb, or a parti- 
ciple of motion, and governs the same case as its 
verb ; as, 

Non ibo servitum Graiis matribus, / will not go to wait 
on the Grecian dames. 



Horatius Tvit ad sylvam, venatijm uros. 
Annibal invictus agrum Romanum vastatijm missus est. 
Divitiacus ad Senatum venit auxilium postulatura. 
Perdiccas profectus est ^gyptd oppugnatum adversiis 

Ptolemaeum. 
Dux Nathaniel Greene missus est a Congressu, Aus- 

trales Civitates defensiim; et, post praeliiim apud 

Eutaviam, ddnatus est sign5 Britannicd, auredque 

medalld. 



144 



LATIN LESSONS. 



The general led out all his 

soldiers to forage. 
They came to my house. 

to salute me. 
Maecenas went to play, I 

and Virgil went to sleep. 
What went ye out to see ? 

a reed shaken by the 

wind ? 



Dux duco miles omnis 
praedo, 

Venio meus ad domus, ego 
saluto. 

Maecenas ludo eo, ego Vir- 
giliusque dormio eo. 

Quis video abeo ? calam- 
us venius concussus? 



KULE XXXVIII. 

The Supine in -u is governed by an adjective 

noun; a^, 

Hoc est mirabile dictu, this is wonderful to he told. 

1. These nouns substantive, fas, nefas, Qpus, (need,) also 
govern the supine in u ; as, fas, vel nefas dictu. 



Verus amicus est difficile inventu. 

Horrendiim dictu ! Dido vidit latices nigrescere sacrds. 

Miserabile visu ! Pedes discalceati militum America- 

ndrum sanguine glebas pruinosas commaculaverunt. 
Nihil foedum visu dictuquehoc limen tangat intra quod 

est puer. 

II. 



This is hard to believe. 

The prodigy was wonder- 
ful to see. 

The thing is most horrible 
to relate. 

It is wonderful to tell, how 
much may be accom- 
plished by industry. 



Hie sum difficilis credo. 
Prodigium sum mirabflis 

video. 
Res sum maxime horren- 

dus refero. 
Mirabilis siim refero quan- 
tum industria conse- 

quor. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



145 



THE GOVERNMENT OF CIRCUMSTANCES. 

Comprehends — 1st. The Cause or Reason Why 
any thing is done. 2nd. The Way or Manner How 
it is done. 3rd. The Instrument or Thing With 
Which it is done. 4th. The Place Where, 5th. The 
T^me When^ and 6th. The Price For Which it is done. 

RULE XXXIX. 

The cause, manner, and instrument, &c. are 
governed in the Ablative, after Verbs, Participles, 
or Adjectives ; as, 

Juvenes saltabant gaudio, the young men leaped for joy,. 



Plato ciipiditate discendi, peragravit iEgyptum. 

Elephant! spirant, bibunt, et oddrantur proboseide. 

Ter Jupiter fulmine extructos disjecit montes. 

Collectae nubes glomerant foedam tempestatem imbribus 
atris. 

Sampson asmi maxilla multa millia Philistaedrum inter- 
emit. 

II. 



The Germans fled through 
fear of the Romans. 

The Saone is a river of 
Gaul which flows with 
incredible smoothness. 

The ancients wTote with 
reeds ; the moderns use 
quills. 

By industry, economy and 
diligence, Girard rose to 
the greatest wealth. 
13 



German us fugio timor Ro- 

maniis. 
Arar sum Gallia fliimen 

qui lenitas incredibilis 

fluo. 
Vetus calamus scribo ; re- 

cens penna utor. 

Industria,econ5mia, etdili- 
gentia Girardus evado 
summus ad opes. 



146 



LATIN LESSONS. 



RULE XXXX. 

The name of a town is put in the Genitive, 

when the question is Ubi ? Where? as, 

•■ Quid Romae faciam ? Juv. What can I do at Rome? 

1. In Urbe or in oppido is understood before the name of a 
■ town in the Genitive ; thus, Quid (in urbe) Romoe faciain ? 

I. 

' Carolus CarolHus obiit Baltimoriae. 
FrankUnius Bostoniae natus est et Philadelphiae mortuus 

est. 
lesiis mundi Salvator Bethlehemi natiis est elHierosoly- 

mae crucifixus est. 
Viat5res Baltimdriae jentant, Philadelphia^ prandent et 

Eboraci Novi coenant. 
Ludovicus decimus sextus Galloriim rex, obtruncatus 

est Lutetiae. 
Carolus primus, rex Britanniarura obtruncatus est 

Londini. 



The Colossus at Rhodes 
was one of the seven 
wonders of the world. 
'The fount Egeria at Rome 
was a retreat of Numa. 
Washington conquered the 
British and German for- 
ces, at Trenton in New- 
Jersey. 
The Moravian nuns at Beth- 
lehem in Pennsylvania, 
presented an embroider- 
ed banner to Count 
Fulaski, the brave Pole. 



Colossiis Rhodiis sum unus 
e septem miraculiim mun- 
dus. 

Fons Egeria Roma, sum 
sedes Numa. 

Vashingt5nius copiae Bri- 
tannicus Germaniciisque 
vinco, Trentonia Novus 
Caesarea. 

Vestalis MoravianusBeth- 
lehemus in Pennsylva- 
nia, comes Pulaskiiis for- 
tis Polonicus, signiim in- 
textus done. 



LATIN LESSONS. 147^ 



KULE XXXXI. 

But if the name of the town, answering to the 
question Ubi ? Where ? be of the third declension, 
or of the plural number, wanting the singular, it is 
put in the Ablative ; as, 

Horatiiis vixit Tibure et Athenis, Horace lived at Tibur 
and Athens. 



Victoria nunciata est Athenis et Lacedaemone. 
Hippocrates natus Carthagine, fuit medicus insignis. 
Pyrrhus Delphis ; et Brutus Philippis occisus est. 
Fuit antiquissimum templum christianum Sardi Lydiae. 
Fortis Tribunus Laurens occisus est Carl5p51i Carolina^ 
Australis. 

ir. 



Andromache wife of Hector, 

was born at Thebes in 

Cilicia. 
The Phccnix is said to be 

buried at Heliopolis. 
The Sybil is reported to 

have uttered responses 

at Cumae. 



Andromache Hector uxor 
Thebae in Cilicia nascor. 

Phoenix sepelio Heliopolis 

die 6. 
Sybilla Cumas edo carmen 

fero. 



RULE xxxxn. 

The name of a town is put in the Accusative 
without a preposition ; when the question is Quo? 
Whither? as, 

Regiilus rediit Carthaginem, Regulus returned to Car-- 
thage, 

1. The preposition is sometimes joined to the names of towns 
in the Accusative ; as, venit ad Romam. 



l*^ LATIN LESSONS. 



Consul Agrigentum legidnes invictas duxit. 
Duxit exercitum ex Corintho, Megaram et inde Athenas. 
Post pugnam Cannis Annibal Capuam contendit, 
Annibal annulorurn aureorum tres modios Carthaginem 

misit. 
Dux Starckius exercitum Benningtoniam duxit, et 

copias Gennanicas superavit. 



II. 



The people now migrated 
to Athens. 

Caesar sent two veteran 
legions to Paris. 

After the victory at Tren- 
ton, he led his army to 
Princeton. 

After the departure of the 
British, Congress return- 
ed to Philadelphia. 



Populus nunc Athenae mi- 

gro. 
Caesar Lutetia duo legio 

veteraniis mitto. 
Post vict5ria Trentonia, 
exercitus Princetonia 
duco. 
Post Britanni discessio, 

Philadelphia Congressus 

redeo. 



RULE XXXXIII. 

The name of a town is put in the Ablative with- 
out a preposition, when the question is Unde') 
W/ience9 or Qua9 Through What Place"} as, 

Regulus rediit Carthagine, Regulus returned from Car^ 
thage. 

1. The preposition is sometimes added to names of towns in 
the Ablative ; as, venit a Koma. 



Catilina ob majestatem, Roma expulsiis est Cicerone. 
Caesar profectus Rdma, cum exercitu, venit Genevam. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



149 



Clodius subito Roma discessit ut insidias Miloni pa- 

raret. 
Dionysius Platonem x^thenTs arcessivit, et Philistum 

Syracusis reduxit. 
Vashmgtomus Tmperator electus, Philadelphia profecl- 

us Cantabrigiam pervenit. 



jEschines being condemn^ 
ed, departed from Athens 
to Rhodes. 

He had departed from Rome 
and came to Paris. 

He set out from Chambers- 
burg and came to Carlisle. 



iEschmes damnatus, dis- 
cedo Athenae, Rhodus. 

Discedo Roma et venio 

Liitetia. 
Proficiscor Thalamipolis, 

et venio Carleolum. 



RULE XXXXIV. 

Domus and Rus follow the same construction 
as the names of towns ; as^ 

Quid faciam domi } What can I do at home ? 



Hac aestate pueri manent domi. 

Defessi itinere et vulneribus, coeperunt redire domum. 
Consul triumphans R5mam repetit, et tunc it riis. 
Senio et aegritudine confectus, consul abiit rus. 
Post mortem ducis Montgomerii, milites domum redire 
cupiebant. 

II. 



Horace lived in the country. 
Peter lately went to the 
country. 

13* 



Horatius vivo rus. 
Petrus nuper eo rus. 



im 



LATIN LESSONS. 



The king will not go from 

home. 
After his treason, Arnold 

did not return home. 



Rex non proficiscor dom- 

us. 
Post proditio, Arnoldius 

non domiis redeo. 



RULE XXXXV. 

The Rate or Price is put in the Ablative after 
verbs of valuing, buying, selling, and the like ; as, 

^stimo voliiptatem parvo pretio, / value pleasure at a 
low rate. 

1. The Ablative of the Price is properly governed by pro 
understood, which is sometimes, though rarely, expressed. 

2. But the neuter adjectives magni,parvi, nihill, minons, mi- 
nimi, quanti, pluris, majoris, plurimi, raaximl, hujus, and the 
nouns nauci, flocci, piii, assis, teruncii, &c., are mostly put in 
the Genitive instead of the Ablative, being governed by the 
noun rem or pretio understood. 



Mercator villam mille et quingentis libris emit. 
Puer scalpelliim optimum, tribus solidis emit. 
Pictor tabulam diicentis thalerls vendidit. 
Causidicus villam vendidit minoris quam expectavit. 
Puer scalpelliim vendidit tanti quanti valet. 



A wise man esteems money 

of little account. 
He bought a coat for three 

dollars and ten cents. 
He sold the horse, for fifty 

pounds sterling. 
He bought a good book for 

live dollars and fifty 
cents. 



Sapiens peciinia parvus 

aestimo. 
Toga, tres thalerus et de- 

cem centesimus emo. 
Equus quinquaginta libra 

Anglicanus, vendo. 
Liber bonus quinque thal- 
erus et quinquaginta 
centesimus emo. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



151 



KULE XXXXVI. 



Measure, or Distance between places, is put in 
the Accusative or Ablative : as, 
Columna decern pedes alta, a pillar ten feet high. 



Philadelphia Baltimoria centum milliaria distat. 

Flumen Mississipiense millia tria et quincenta millia- 
ria est loiigiim. 

Columna monumenti Vashingtonii Baltimorensis, cen- 
tum sexaginta octo pedes est alta. 

Pyramis Cheopis quadringentds octdginta pedes est al- 
ta ; Cephrenis quadringent5s quinquaginta quatuor 
pedes alta, 

II. 



Boston is two hundred and 
forty miles from New 
York. 

The Bunkerhill monument 
is two hundred and 
thirty feet high. 

The Chesapeak and Ohio 
Canal is three hundred 
and forty miles long. 

The pyramid of Menkares 
is two hundred and eigh- 
teen feet high. 



Bostonia Novum Ebora- 
cijm, ducenti viginti mil- 
liarium disto. 

Monumentum Bunkerius 
collis, centum et triginta 
pes sum altus. 

Chesapaeacus et Ohiensis 
Canalis, trecenti quadra- 
ginta mlliariiim sum 
longus. 

Pyramis Menkares ducenti 
octodecem pes sum altus. 



RULE XXXXVII. 

When the question is made by Quando^ When? 
time is put in the Ablative ; as, 

Convenimus secunda hora, we meet at two o^clock. 



152 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Secundo die Deus fecit firmamentum quod vocavit ccb- 

lum. 
Solaria inventa sunt anno sexcentesimo quinquagesimo 

octavo ante Christum. 
Clepsydrae inventae sunt anno trecentesimo trigesimo, 

ante Christum. 
Ars typographica inventa est anno Domini millesimo 

quadringentesimo. 
Independentia asserta est quarto die Julii ann5 millesT- 

m5 septingentesimo septuagesimd sexto. 



On the Sabbath, Julia went 
to church with her mo- 
ther. 

In the year of our Lord 
six hundred, the Romans 
first ceased to speak the 
Latin tongue. 

Gunpowder and cannon 
were invented in the 
year one thousand three 
hundred and forty. 

Hourglasses, made of sand, 
were invented in the 
year two hundred and 
forty, before Christ. 



Sabbatum, Jialia eo ad tem- 
plum cum mater. 

Annus Dominus sexcen- 
tesimus, Romaniis prim- 
um desuesco utor Lati- 
nus lingua. 

Pulvis nitratus et tormen- 
tum invenio annus mil- 
lesimus, trecentesimiis 
et quadragesimus. 

Horologium arenarius in- 
venio annus ducentes- 
mus et quadragesimus, 
ante Christiis. 



RULE XXXXVIII. 



When the question is made by Quamditi? Hoio 
Lojig^ time is put in the Accusative, or Ablative, 
but oftener in the Accusative ; as, 

Mansit triduum Rdmae, he staid three days at Rome. 



LATIN LESSONS. 153 



Paer ignavus decern horas dormit. 

Madisonius summo magistratui octo annos praefuit. 

Major Armistidaeus aggerem McHenricum fortiter defen- 
dit duos dies, contra classem Britannicam sub Coch- 
rane praefecto navium. 

Praeses Americanus est constitutus quatuor annos, et 
est imperator exercituum naviumque Civitatum Fce- 
deratarum. 



Lucullus was over the pro- 
vince, for many years. 

Monroe was president eight 
years. 

The war of the American 
Revolution, was continu- 
ed eight years. 



Lucullijs multus annus prae- 
sum provincia. 

Monrovius octo annus prae- 
ses sijm. 

Bellum Defectio America- 
niAS octo annus produce. 



OF THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

RULE XXXXIX. 

A noun is put absolutely with a Participle in 
the Ablative, when they form a separate phrase ; a^, 

Opere peracto, liidemus our work being finished^ we will 
play, 

I. 

Interfecto Caesare, bella civilia reparata sunt. 
Independentia asserta, coldniae foederatas liberae factae 

sunt. 
Xerxes, exercitu amiss 6, Hellespontum navigid parv5 

transiit. 



154 



LATIN LESSONS. 



Copiis Britannicis in deditidnem receptis, Congressus 
ducem Gatem aureo medallo, in praemium et monu- 
mentum rei, d5navit. 

u. 



Caesar, peace being made, 
restored the cities. 

Ross being slain, the enemy 
retreated to the ships. 

Sergeant Jasper, while the 
battle at Sullivan's isl- 
and,raged hotly, replaced 
upon the rampart, the 
American flagstatT which 
had been carried away 
by a cannon ball. 



Caesar, pax factiis, urbs res- 
tituo. 

Hostis, Rossiiis occisus, ad 
navis perfugio. 

Deciirio Jasperus, pugna 
apud Insula Sullivaniis 
infervescens, agger sig- 
numAmericanus ablatus 
glans tormentarius re- 
p5no. 



THE GOVERNMENT OF ADVERBS. 

KULE L. 

Some Adverbs of time, place and quantity, 
govern the Genitive ; as, 

Venit pridie illiiis diei, he came the day before that day. 

1. Jns/ar, and erg-o, for causa, govern also the Genitive ; as, 
instd7' montis, as large as a mountain. 



Postridie ejus diei Vashingtoniiis Delavariiim transiit. 
Tunc temporis militum animi fracti sunt. 
Ubi terrariim sunt homines tarn iidi, tam fortes ? 
Virtus ubique loci, amicos benevolos inveniet. 
Gulielmus Virtiiis satis eloquently et pietatis habuit. 
Tunc temporis, milites Americani erant in magno peri- 

culo. 
Pridie ejus diei Cicero Catilinam venientem in senatum 

majestatis accusavit. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



155 



At that time he was dead. 

Where in the world are we? 

He had plenty of old wine. 

The Hessians came to that 
height of insolence, that 
they were odious. 



Tunc tempus morior. 
Ubinam gens sum ? 
Habeo sat vTnum vetus. 
Hessianus eo insolentia 
procedo iit sum odiosus. 



RULE LI. 

Some derivative Adverbs govern the same case 

which the Adjectives, whence they are derived, 

govern; as, 

Cicero dixit optime omnium, Cicero spoke the best of all. 

1. Derivative Adverbs in composition govern the case of their 
primitives ; as, Nullos his malUm ludos spectassg. / would 
wish to see no play sooner than this. The comparative magts in 
malUm governing the ablative, whose sign is than. 



Carolus Carrollius signatorum omnium ultimo obiit,R.13. 
Franklinius PhilosophiisnatiJrae convenienter vixit,R.14. 
Praeceptor noster manet diutius expectatidne, R. 15. 
Administravit res suas indigne famapriore, R. 16. 
Credo inesse montibiis Americae largiter auri, R. 17. 



General Strieker went out 

to meet the enemy. 
What does the man say 

agreeably to reason? 
All the soldiers ran to meet 

Napoleon returning from 

Elba. 
Fabius Maximus acted the 

most prudently of all. 



Dux Strickerus obviam 
hostis eo. 

Quis homo ratio conveni- 
enter dico ? 

Omnis miles, Napdleon 
rediens ex Elba obviam, 
concurro. 

Fabius Maximus omnis 
priidenter ago. 



im 



LATIN LESSONS 



THE GOVERNMENT OF PREPOSITIONS. 
RULE LII. 

These twenty-eight Prepositions govern the Ac- 
cusative. 

Ad, penes, adversum, cis, citra, adversus et extra, 
Uhra, post, praeter, juxta, per, p5ne, seciindum. 
Erga, apud, ante, secus, trans, supra, (versus) et infra. 
Sic prdpter, c5ntra, circum, circa, inter, ob, intra; .^5, 

Meus pater venit ad templum, my father came to the 
church, 

I. 

Omnia sunt penes Deilm regnator^m mundi. 
Puer vitiosus est infra ndtitiam ulHus boni. 
Collegium Dickins5nium est situm apud Carledlum 
Fodinse stannese apud Corniibiam sunt locupletissimae. 
Annibal duxit exercitum ad Rdmam contra expecta- 
tionem. 



II. 



After death is judgment. 

The river Patapsco flows 
near Baltimore. 

Pennsylvania College is 
situated at Gettysburg 
in Pennsylvania. 

Colonel Reed was the fa- 
miliar friend of General 
Washington. 

General Thomas Sumter, 
for his bravery was call- 
ed the "Game-cock," by 
the British. 



Post mors sum judicium. 

Flumen Patapsco propter 
Ballim5ria fluo. 

Collegium Pennsylvanien- 
sis situs apud Gettyspo- 
lis Pennsylvania sum. 

Tribunus Reedius sum fa- 
miliaris amicus dux 
Vashingtonius. 

Dux Thomas Sumterus ob 
virtus "Gallus pugnax" 
dico ab Britannicus. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



157 



RULE LIII. 

These fifteen Prepositions govern the Ablative. 

ife sextum qucerunt^ a cum, ten us, abs, ab, et absque, 
Atque palam, pro, prae, clam, deque ex, e, sine, coram; As^ 
Meus pater venit a templo, my father came from the 
church. 

I. 

Gigas Goliathus occisus est a Davide. 
Populus Americanus bellum cum Gallis, gessit. 
Grotius scripsit librum de jure pacis et belli. 
Vashingtdnius maximos honores ab Americanis-accepit. 



II. 



Spices come from India. 
Cicero delivered a splendid 

oration for Milo. 
He entered the palace with 

a drawn sword. 
Rosanna and Julia came 

from the city. 



Aroma ex India venio. 
Cicero oratio magnificus 

pro Milo habeo. 
Intro palatium cum strict- 

us ensis. 
Rosanna et Julia e civitas 

venio. 



RULE LIV. 



The Prepositions in, sub, super^ and subter, 
govern the Accusative, when motion to a place is 
signified ; as, 
Puer ambulat in templum, the hoy walks into the church. 



Graeci pugnabant cum Trojanis sub muros Trojae. 
Dux ivit super Indiam, ut cumularet opes. 
Subter mare Indicum sunt plurimae margaritae. 
Post pugnam Lexingtoniensem Americani ruebant in 



14 



158 



LATIN LESSONS. 



II. 



God is angry against the 
wicked continually. 

About sunrise they set out. 

The master is above the 
servant. 

Mexico is beyond Texas. 



Deiis semper est iratus in 

malus. 
Sub ortus sol proficiscor. 
Dominus sum super ser- 

vus. 
Mexico sum super Texas. 



RULE LV. 



But if motion or rest in a place is signified, in 
and sub govern the Ablative, super governs either 
the Accusative or Ablative ; as, 
Piier ambuiat in templo, the hoy walks in the church. 



In Mexicone sunt plurimae fodinae aureae et argenteae. 
Magnanimus dux est lenis in hoste victo. 
Venator manet sub frigido aere immemor conjugis. 
Poteris requiescere mecum super viridi fronde. 
Tribuni Gunbius et Haliius in expeditione Australia 
fuerunt clari. 



II. 



In God is our trust. 

The Nereids live under 
the deep sea. 

He wrote to me about 
his books. 

Roger Sherman,a shoemak- 
er, by industry and study 
rose to eminence, and be- 
came a delegate in Con- 
gress. 



[n Deus sum fides noster. 

Nereis vivo sub oceanus 
altus. 

Scribo ad ego super liber 
suus. 

Rogerus Shermannus, sii- 
tor, industria et stiidium 
ad eminentia evado et 
fio legatus in Congres- 
siis. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



159 



RULE LVI. 

A Preposition often governs the same case in 
composition which it governs out of it ; as, 

Adeamus templum, let us go to churchy C. of ad and eo. 

1. This rule only takes place when the preposition can be dis- 
joined from the verb ; as, edmus ad templum, edmus €x templo. 

2. Active verbs compounded with prepositions sometimes 
have an Accusative governed by the verb, and an Accusative or 
Ablative governed by the preposition ; as, Transduxit cbpids 
flumCn Cces. Dejedt Jtrginn saxo. Ovid, 



Rex jussit legatos decedere urbe. 

Pastor praeterivit villam et adivit urbem cum pecore. 

Expulsus patria Corinthiim et Rhodum adivit. 

Caesar transivit Rubic5nem et adivit Romam cum exer- 

citu. 
EUsa caudam pavonis mirata, adivit hominem, cum 

pecunia, ut emeret earn. 
Dux fluvium Delavarium transivit, omnibus cum suis 

ut aggrederetur copias Britannicas et Hessianas. 



II. 



I had gone to Rome. 

I was absent from my 
family at that time. 

Leander crossed the Hel- 
lespont. 

Washington led all his 
prisoners over the Dela- 
ware into Pennsylvania. 

Clodius went from home 
with his servants that he 
might lay a plot for 
Milo. 



Ego adeo Roma. 

Absiim familia meus is tem- 

pus. 
Leander Hellespontiis tran- 

seo. 
Vashingtoniiis omnis tra- 

ditus Delavarius trans- 

duco in Pennsylvania. 
Clodius domijs exeo suiis 

cum famulus, ut Milo 

insidiae paro. 



160 LATINLESSONS. 

THE GOVERNMENT OF INTERJECTIONS. 

RULE LVII. 

The Interjections O! heu! and proh! govern the 
Vocative and sometimes the Accusative, but en! 
ecce! and ah! govem the Vocative and sometimes 
the Nominative ; as, 
O crudelis Alexi, hard-hearted Alexis, Virg. 



O vir fortis et amice ; honoro consihum tuum. 
Heu vanitas human a ! gl5ria est brevissima. 
Proh sancte Jupiter ! ecquid majus gestum est. 
Ah puer miserande! in otio tuam juventutem trivisti. 



II. 



O lost me! O beautiful face! 

Alas poor youth ! it is vain. 
Ah Fortune! what god is 

more cruel than you ! 
Oh Death! where is thy 

sting ? Oh grave ! where 

is thy victory ? 



O ego perditus ! O facies 

pulcher ! 
Heu puer miser! sum vaniis. 
Ah Fortuna! quis deus 

crudelis tu sum. 
Mors ! ubi sum stimulus 

tuus? O sepulcrum! ubi 

victoria tuiis ? 



RULE LVIIL 

The Inteijections Hei and Voe govem the Da- 
tive; as, 

Hei misero mihi, Ter. Ah ! miserable me! 



Hei mihi! cur hoc facere cogor. 

Hei mihi! nullTs herbis amor est medicabilis. 

Vae tibi ! hostes aderunt et mactabunt te iiliosque tu5s. 



LATIN LESSONS. 



161 



II. 



Ah me ! whither am 1 hur- 
ried from my family ? 

Woe to thee ? thy father is 
now dead. 

Ah me ! I cannot relate it 
without tears. 



Hei ego! quo rapio a meus 

familia } 
Vae tu ! pater tuiis nunc 

obeo. 
Hei ego ! commemoro sine 

lacryma non possum. 



RULE LIX. 

f Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions, and 
certain adverbs having the force of conjunctions, 
connect words in the same construction ; as, 

Honora patrem et matrem, honor thy father and mother. 



Nos patriae fines et dulcia linquimus arva. 
Vetustas eevl ferrum et lapides exedit. 
Nee potestas nee divitiae faciunt hominem beatum. 
Praesides JefTersonius et Adamius e5dem die obierunt. 
Pars Gulielmi erat multo major, quam caeterorum. 
Praemia virtutTs et sapientiae, inter homines, sunt multa 
et magna. 

11. 



Riches breed pride and in- 
solence. 
Scipio took and destroyed 

Carthage. 
He neither fears God, nor 

honors the king. 
General Braddock was slain 
in a battle with the 
French and Indians. 
14* 



Divitiae superbia et arro- 
gantia paro. 

Scipio capio ac diruo Car- 
thago. 

Nee timeo Deus nee hono- 
ro rex. 

Dux Braddockius occido 
in praelium cum Gallos 
et Indicus. 



LATIN LESSONS, 



RULE LX. 



Utj quo^ licet^ inodo^ dummodo^ utindmy govern 
the Subjunctive mood; as. 

Lego libriim ut discam, / read the look that I may learn, 

1. Ut^ as, governs the Indicative ; as, Res est tit dixi ; the tkin^ 
is as I said. 



Deus filium misit, ut mundus per eum servaretur. ^ 
Licet occidat me, tamen confidam in 1115. 
Milites pugnabunt, dummodo dux jubeat illos. 
Utinam Tibur sit sedes meae senectutis I 
Praeses dominiini Adamium ad aulam Sancti Jacobi le- 
gavit, ut fcedus facer et. 



n. 



I wish boys would learn 

their lessons ! 
The president deputed Jay 

that he might make a 

treaty. 
He gave him a horse, that 

he might travel, 
f will come to a conference, 

provided there be a wall 
between us. 
He sent a lieutenant that 
he might pursue the 
cavalry of the enemy. 



Utinam puer suus lectio 

disco. 
Praeses Jaius lego ut fcedus 

facio. 

Do ille equus, quo peregri- 
nor. 

Venio ad colloquium, dum- 
modo murus sum inter 
ego. 

Mitto legatus ut persequor 
eques hostis. 



LATIN LESSONS. 163 



OMISSIONS IN CONSTRUCTION. 

1. In Latin, there are no words to express the arti- 
cles a, and an. The pupil, however, will readily per- 
ceive whether they are to be supplied in the translation 
or not ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLATION. ENGLISH. 

Homo mortalis est. Man mortal is. Man is mortal. 

Homo cum urna stat. Man with urn stands. A man stands with 

an urn. 

2. In like manner, there is no word to express the 
article the. h\ translation, hov^^ever, the judgment of 
the learner will easily supply it when necessary ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Gemmam in via of- Jewel in street I I found the. jewel in 

fendi. found. the street. 

Gemmam quam am- Jewel which you The jewel, which 

isisti, in via quae lost,in street which you lost I found 

ducit ad forum of- to forum leads, I in the street that 

fendi. found. leads to the forum. 

3. In order to point out a particular person or thing, 
hic^ ipse^ and ille^ this or that^ are used in a manner 
somewhat equivalent to the ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Hie puer mortuus est. That boy dead is. The boy is dead. 

Hie homo caecus est. This man blind is. The man is blind. 

Ilium hominem reli- That man he left. He left the man. 
quit. 

4. The adverb there^ when it is merely an expletive, 
has no equivalent in Latin ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRA.NSLA. ENGLISH. 

In caelo Deus est. In heaven God is. Tliere is a God in 

heaven. 

In via, leo est. In the way a lion is. There is a lion in the 

way. 



164 LATIN LESSONS. 

5. The equivalents of the following pronouns /, ihou^ 
Ae, she^ it^ this and that^ with their plurals, are generally 
omitted in Latin when they are subjects of the verb, 
since the termination of the verb, of itself, expresses 
the person; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Sapientiam et virtu- Wisdom and virtiie You love wisdom 

temamas. youlove. and virtue. 

Opes et honores quae- Kiches and honors He seeks riches and 

rit. he seeks. honors. 

6. In the different persons for the sake of emphasis^ 
and in the third person for the sake of expUcitnesSj 
these pronouns are expressed in Latin ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Virtutem ego aino;sed Virtue I love; but T love virtue ; but 
vitium tu amas. vice you love. you love vice. 

llle est sevi decus. He is of the age the He is the glory of 
glory. the age. 

Omitting ille, it might be translated, there is a glory of the age. 

7. These pronouns also, when ohjects of the verb, 
are frequently omitted, and supplied in translation by 
the judgment of the reader ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Librum emam et le- A book I will buy I will buy a book 

gam. and read. and read it 

Quseso, ubinam est I ask, where is the I ask you, where is 

culpa? fault? the fault? 

8. In Latin, the possessive pronouns, my^ thy^ his^ her^ 
our^ your^ their^ are often omitted, when the sense is ob- 
vious without them ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Me ex catenis libera- Myself, from chains I freed myself from 

vi. I freed. ?n?/ chains. 

Eum haeredem fecis- Him heir you have You have made him 

ti. made. your heir. 

Abiit ad amicum. He went to friend. He went to Ais friend. 



LATIN LESSONS. 165 

9. The English auxiliaries, have^ had^ shall^ or will^ 
may or can^ mighty could^ would or should^ let^ ^Cj 
when alone, or joined with their principal verbs, are 
expressed in Latin by means of different terminations 
of the verb ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Non emi, sed emam. Not I have bought, I have not bought, 

but I will buy. but I will, 

Tacui, sed non am- I have heen silent, I have been silent, 
plius tacebo. but not longer I but I will be no 

will be silent. longer. 

Non emes, sed erne- Not you will buy, You will not buy^but 
res. but you should buy. you should. 

10. The English auxiliaries, do and did^ which are 
generally used in interrogative, and negative sentences, 
never appear in Latin. In ititerrogative sentences, 
however, the negative particle ne is sometimes used, 
and may be rendered or omitted in translation; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Quid vis? What wish you? What do you wish? 

Non paravit cibum. Not he prepared food E.e did not prepare 

food. 
Videsne leonem? See you not the lion? Do you see the Hon' 

j9o )'-ou not see the 

lion? 

11. The English auxiliary if ^e, which, in English 
with the aid of the perfect participle forms the passive 
verb^ has its equivalent sum in Latin, which with the 
perfect participle, in like manner, forms many tenses of 
the Latin passive. In English, when two passive verbs 
are joined together, the auxiliary of the latter is often 
omitted ; but in Latin the auxiliary of the former is 
omitted ; as 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Rexamatus et cultus The king loved and The king was loved 
fuit. reverenced was. and reverenced, 

Pueri capti et puniti The boys caught The boys were caught 
fuerunt. and punished were, and punished. 



W&^ LATIN LESSONS. 

12. When two nominatives are to be used separately 
and distinctly with the same verb, in English the verb 
is expressed with the former noun, and understood to 
the latter ; but in Latin the verb is understood to the 
former and expressed with the latter ; thus, in the En- 
glish form: Reason is innate in old men; and council 
(is innate.) In the Latin form Ratio, et consilium inest 
senibus. 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Katio,et consilium in- Reason, and council Reason, and council 
est senibus. is innate in old is natural to old 

men. men. 

13. When two adjectives stand connected with a 
substantive, especially in English, the substantive is 
joined with the latter adjective and understood to the 
former ; but in Latin, is joined to the former and un- 
derstood to the latter. Thus, in the English form, 
A wise (man) and prudent man. In the Latin form 
Homo sapiens et prudens, (homo.) 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Est dux prudens et He is a general pru- He is a brave and 
fortis. dent and brave. prudent general. 

Fuit puer bonus et He was a boy good He was a good and 
studiosus. and studious. studious boy. 

14. The prepositions, of^ to^ for^ wiih^ from^ in^ ly 
and on, have equivalents in Latin, but are often expressed 
by the modifications of the cases of nouns; or are em- 
bodied in the verb. They are sometimes to be sup- 
plied in parsing. 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLA. ENGLISH. 

Avus puerorum. Grandfather of the The boys' grandfa- 

boys. ther. 

Tempore veni. /7itime,I have come. I came in time. 

Maneo praeceptorem. I await master. I am waiting for the 

master. 



LATIN LESSONS. 167 



FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION. 

The following modifications of the Subject, and Pre- 
dicate, in the proposition, Puer amavit, the hoy loved^ 
will exemplify the general forms of construction. 

MODIFICATIONS OF THE SUBJECT. 

The subject of the verb, or noun, may be modified 
in various ways: 

1. By a noun in apposition; as, 

LATIN, LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus amavit. Boy James loved. The boy James loved. 

2. By a noun or pronoun related to the subject, 
either with or without a preposition ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH, 

Puer Jacobus Balti- Boy James of Balti- The boy James of 
moriae, amavit- more, loved. Baltimore, loved. 

Puer Jacobus, in ju- Boy James, in youth The boy James in 
ventute, amavit. loved, his youth, loved. 

lUius puer Jacobus His boy James loved. His boy James loved 
amavit. 

3. By an adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle; 

as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Bonus puer Jacobus Good boy James in The g;ood boy James 
in juventute, ama- youth, loved. in. his youth,loved. 

vit. 

Suus puer Jacobus in His boy James in His boy James in his 
juventute, amavit. youth, loved, youth, loved, 

Puer Jacobus ardes- Boy James, enamor- The boy James grow- 
cens in juventute, ed in youth, loved, ing enamored ia 
amavit, his youth, loved. 

4. By the relative qu^ with its connexions ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Bonus puer Jacobus, Grood boy James, The good boy James 
quern miraris, in ju- whom you admire, whom you admire, 
ventute ardescens in youth growing growing enamor- 
amavit. enamored, loved. ed in his youth, 

loved. 



168 LATIN LESSONS. 

Words modifying a subject, may themselves be modi- 
fied. A noun modifying a preceding noun may itself 
have all the modifications of the former; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James pupil loved. The boy James, a 

pulus amavit. pupil loved. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James, of Ross The boy James, a 
discipulus amavit. pupil loved. pupil of Ross, 

loved. 
Puer Jacobus Kossii Boy James of Ross The boy James, a 
discipulus diligens, pupil diligent, loved. diligent pupil of 
amavit. Ross, loved. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James, of Ross The boy James a 
discipulus diligens, pupil diligent, whom diligent pupil of 
quern miraris,ama- you admire, loved. Ross, whom you 

vit admire, loved, 

A noun modifying a preceding noun, besides the mo- 
difications of the foiTTier, has certain modifications pe- 
culiar to itself; thus, 

1. A noun modifying a preceding noun may be modi- 
fied by an adverb ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus plane Boy James evidently The boy James, evi- 

discipulus, amavit. scholar, loved. dently a scholar, 

loved. 

Puer Jacobus plane Boy James evidently The boy James, evi- 

discipulus, ante a scholar, before pu- dently a scholar,be- 

pubertatem, ama- berty, loved. fore puberty,loved. 
vit. 

2. When a noun with a preposition modifies a pre- 
ceding noun, the preposition is often modified by an ad- 
verb ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus paulo Boy James, a little The boy James, a 
ante pubertatem, before puberty, little before his pu- 

amavit. loved. berty, loved. 

An Adjective modifying a noun, may itself be modi- 
fied. 



LATIN LESSONS. 169 



1. By an Adverb ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRAN9LAT. ENGLISH. 

Piier Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James, a 
discipulus valde di- pupil very diligent, very diligent pu- 
ligens, amavit. loved. pil of Ross, loved. 

2. By a Noun or Gerund, either with or without a 
preposition; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James, of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus doctrine pupil of learning pil of Ross very 
valde diligens, ama- very fond, loved. fond of learning, 

vit. loved. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus studendi pupil of studying pil of Ross, very 
valde diligens ama- very fond, loved. fond of studying, 
vit. loved. 

3. By a Relative or other dependent clause ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 

discipulus dignus a pupil worthy pil of Ross, wo-r- 

qui doceret, ama- v^^ho may teach thy to teach, loved, 

vit. loved. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James pupil as The boy James a pu- 

cipulus tarn dili- diligent as learned, pil as diligent, as 

gens quam erudi- loved. learned, loved, 
tus, amavit. 

4. By an Infinitive Mood, or a Supine ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross a The boy James apu- 
discipulus discere pupil to learn desi- pil of Ross, desi- 
cupidus, amavit. rous, loved. roustolearn,loved. 

Puer Tacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross a The boy James a pu- 
discipulus dignus pupil worthy to be pil of Ross, worthy 
laudatu, amavit. praised, loved. to be praised,lovea 

Participles are modified like a verb, as shown in the 
Modifications of the Predicate. 

An Adverb modifying a noun or adjective, may itself 
be modified: 
15 



170 LATINLESSONS. 

1. An Adverb modifying a noun, may be modified by 
another adverb ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. EXGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus magis Boy James more evi- The Boy James more 
plane discipulus. dently a scholar, evidently a scholar, 
loved. loved. 

Georgius rex magis George the king,more King George, more 
aperte tyrannus, openly a tyrant, openly a tyrant, 
amavit. loved. loved. 

2. An Adverb modifying an adjective or participle, 
may be modified by a noun ; as, 

LATIN". LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James a pupil The boy James a pu- 

pulus congruenter agreeably to nature pil studious agreea- 

naturas studiosus, studious, loved. bly to nature, loved, 
amavit. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James a pupil The boy James a pu- 

pulus diligentissi- most diligently of pil studying most 

me omnium stu- all studying, loved. diligently of all, 

dens, amavit. loved. 

A modified grammatical subject, considered as a 
complex idea may itself be modified ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer tuus Jacobus Boy thy James loved. Thy boy James lov- 
amavit. ed. 

Puer tuus juvenis Ja- Boy thy young James Thy young boy 
cobus amavit. loved. James loved. 

Puer pulcher tuus ju- Boy fair thy young Thy fair young boy 
venis Jacobus amavit. James loved. James loved. 

Here 1st, tuus modifies Puer Jacobus; 2d, Juvenis modifies 
Puer tuus Jacobus; Sd, pulcher modifies Puer tuus juvenis Jacobus. 

An infinitive mood alone or in connexion with, other 
words, may be the subject of a proposition; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Amare est durum. To love is hard. To love is hard. 

Virtus est fugere viti- Virtue is it to shun To shun vice is 
um. vice. virtue. 

MODIFICATIONS OF THE PREDICATE. 

The grammatical Predicate may be modified in vari- 
ous ways : 



LATIN LESSONS. 171 

1. By a noun in the same case as the subject ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James a pupil The boy James is a 

pulus est. is. pupil. 

Puer Jacobus disci- Boy James a scholar The boy James was 

pulus appellatus was called. called a scholar. 

est. 

2. By an Adjective in the same case as the subject ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus pru- Boy James prudent The boy James was 
dens fuit. was. prudent. 

Puer Jacobus Justus Boy James just was The boy James was 
appellatus fuit. called. named just. 

3. By a noun or gerund in an oblique case, with or 
without a preposition ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus amicos a pupil friends pil of Ross, loved 
amavit. loved. his friends. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus adscho- a pupil, to school pil of Ross, came 
lam venit. came. to school. 

4. By Adverbs ; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus pruden- a pupil prudently pil of Ross, loved 
ter amavit. loved. prudently. 

5. By an Infinitive mood, or Supine in um; as, 

LATIN. LITERAL TRANSLAT. ENGLISH. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus discere a pupil, to learn pil of Ross, loved 
amavit. loved. to learn. 

Puer Jacobus Rossii Boy James of Ross The boy James a pu- 
discipulus lusum a pupil to play went pil of Ross, went 
ivit. out. out to play. 

An infinitive, gerund or supine may be modified like 
the predicate. 

All other words modifying a predicate, may them- 
selves be modified, as described in Modifications of the 
subject. 



PROS AIC A. 



FABUL^ iESOPL 

I. ASINUS, SIMIA ET TALPA. 

Querente asino, se cornibus carere ; simia vero, cau- 
dam sibi deesse ; '^Tacete," inquit talpa, ''qui me ocu- 
lis captam esse videatis." 

II. LEO, ASINUS ET LEPUS. 

Cum quadrupedes bellum contra volucres susce- 
pissent, et leo dux copias suas recenseret, asmus et 
lepus praeteribant. Ursus interrogavit, ad quasnam 
res his uti posset ? Leo respondit : "Asino utar tubi- 
cine, et lepore tabellario." 

III. MUSCA. 

Quadrigae aliquae in stadio currebant, quibus musca 
insidebat. Maximo autem pulvere ab equis et curribus 
excitato, musca dixit : "Quantam vim pulveris exci- 
tavi !" 

IV. MUS ET MILVUS. 

Milvus laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, ut eum, 
corr5sis plagis, liberaret. Quo facto, milvus liberatus 
murem arripuit et devoravit. 

V. GRUS ET PAVO. 

Pavo, coram grue pennas suas explicans. Quanta est^ 
inquit, formosltas mea et tua deformitast At grus evo- 
lans, Et quanta est^ inquit, levitas mea et tua tardllas' 



LATIN LESSONS. 173 



VI. ANSERES ET GRUES. 

In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grus. 
Adveniente domino prati, grues facile evolabant ; sed 
anseres, impediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mac- 
tati sunt. 

VH. ACCIPITER ET AGRICOLA. 

Accipiter cum columbam praecipiti insequeretur vo 
latu, villam quendam ingressus a rustico captus est, 
quern blande, ut se dimitteret, obsecrabat : ''Non enim 
te laesi," dicens. Cui rusticus : "Nee haec," respondit, 
"te laeserat." 

VIII. VENTER ET MEMBRA. 

Membra quondam dicebant ventri : JVosne te semper 
ministerio nostro alemus^ dum ipse summo oiio frueris ? 
JVon faciemus. Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, 
corpus debilitatur, et membra sero invidise suae poenituit, 

IX. CANCRI. 

Cancer dicebat filio : Mijili^ ne sic ohiiquis semper 
gressihus incide^ sed recta via perge. Cui ille, Mi 
pater^ respondit, lihenter tuis prcecepiis ohsequar^ si te 
prius idem facientem videro. 

X. BOVES. 

In eddem prato pascebantur tres boves in maximd 
Concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. 
Sed dissidio inter illos orto, singuli a feris petiti et lan- 
iati sunt. 

XI. MURES. 

Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo sibi 
a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis, omnibus pla- 
cuit, ut ei tintinnabulum annecteretur ; sic enim ipsos 
sonitu admonitos eam fugere posse. Sed quum jam 
inter mures qusereretur, qui feli tintinnabulum annecte- 
ret, nemo repertus est. 
15* 



174 LATIN LESSONS. 

BIBLICA. 

DECALOGUS. 

I. Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra 
iEgypti, de dom5 servitutis. Non habebis deos alienos 
coram me. 

II. Non facies libi sculptile neque ullam similitudi- 
nem, quae est in coelo desuper, et quae in terra deorsum, 
nee e5rumquae sunt in aquis sub terra. Non inclinabis 
se eis, neque coles ea ; ego sum Dominus Deus fortis 
zelotes, visitans iniquitatem patrum in filios, in tertiam, 
et quartam generatidnem eorum qui oderunt me; et 
faciens misericordiam in millia, his qui diligunt me, et 
servant praecepta mea. 

III. Non assumes nomen Domini Dei tui in vanum, 
nee enim habebit insontem Dominus eum, qui assump- 
serit nomen Domini Dei sui frustra. 

IV. Memento, ut diem Sabbati sanctiiices. Sex diebus 
operaberis et facies omnia opera tua. Septimo autem 
die Sabbatum Domini Dei tui est; non facies ullum 
opus in e5, to, et filius tuus, et filia tua : servus tuus, et 
ancilla tua, jumentum tuum, et advena qui est intra 
portas tuas. Sex enim diebus fecit Dominus coelum, 
et terram, et mare, et omnia quae in eis sunt, et requie- 
vit in die Septimo : idcirco benedixit Dominus diei Sab- 
bati, et sanctificavit eum. 

V. Honora patrem tuum, et matrem tuam, ut sis lon- 
gaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi. 

VI. Non occides. 

VII. Non moechaberis. 

VIII. Non furtum facies. 

IX. Non loqueris contra proximum tuum falsum 
testimonium. 

X. Non concupisces domum proximi tui nee desi- 



LATIN LESSONS. 175 

derabis uxorem ejus, non servum, non ancillam, non 
bovem, non asinum non uila, quae illius sunt. 

ALLEGORIA ECCLESIAST^. 

Memento creatoris tui diebus juventutis tuae, ante- 
quam veniat tempus afflictionis, et appropinquent anni, 
de quibus dicas, Non mihi placent. Antequam tene- 
brescat sol, et lumen et luna, et stellae, et revertantur 
nubes post pluviam; quando commovebuntur custo- 
des domus, et nutabunt viri fortissimi, et otiosae 
erunt molentes in minuto numero, et tenebrescent vi- 
dentes per foramina ; et claudent ostia in via in hu- 
militate vocis molentis, et consurgent ad vocem volu- 
cris, et absurdescent omnes filiae carminis. Excelsa 
quoque timebunt, et formidabunt in via, florebit arayg- 
dalus, impinguabitur locusta, et dissipabitur cupido; 
quoniam ibit homo in domum aeternam suam et circumi- 
bunt in via plangentes. Antequam rumpatur funiculus 
argenteus, et recurrat vitta aurea, et frangatur hydria su- 
per fontem, et frangatur rota super cisternam. Et re- 
vertatur pulvis in terram suam et spiritus redeat ad 
Deum qui dedit ilium. 

ORATIO DOMINICA. 

Pater noster, qui es in coelis •, sanctificetur nomen 
tuum. Ad veniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, 
sicut in coelo et in terra. Panem nostrum da nobis 
hodie. Et dimittite nobis debita nostra, sicut et nos 
demittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in 
tentationem, sed libera nos a mal5 ; namque tua sunt, 
regnum, potentia et gloria, in aeterna. Amen ! 



POETICA. 



DISTICHA CATONIS. 

PRIMUM. 

Sr Deus est animus, nobis ut carmina dicunt. 
Hie tibi prcBcipue sit pura mente colendus. 

SECUNDUM. 

Plus vigilia semper, nee somno deditus esto ; 
Nam diuturna quies vitiis alimenta ministrat. 



Virtutem primam esse puta eompescere linguam ; 
Proximus ille Deo est, qui scit ratione tacere. 

QUARTUM. 

Sperne repugnando tibi tu eontrarius esse : 
Conveniet nuili, qui secum dissidet ipse. 

QUINTUM. 

Si vitam inspieias, bominum si denique mores ; 
Cum eulpant alios, nemo sine crimine vivit. 



Quae noeitura tenes, quamvis sint eara, relinque : 
Utilitas opibus praeponi tempore debet. 

SEPTIMUM. 

Constans et lenis, ut res expostulat, esto : 
Temporibus mores sapiens sine erimine mutat. 



Nil temere uxori de servis crede querenti ; 
Saepe etenim mulier, quem eonjux diligit, odit. 

NONUM. 

Cumque mones aliquem, nee se velit ilJe moneri ; 
Si tibi sit carus, noli desistere cceptis. 



LATIN LESSONS. 177 



iENIGMATA CCELII SYMPOSII. 



GRAPHIUM. 

De summo planus, sed non ego planus in irao, 
Versor utrimque manu, diverse et mnnere fungor : 
Altera pars revocat, quidquid pars altera fecit. 



Dulcis arnica Dei, semper vicina profundis, 
Suave canens Musis, nigro perfusa colore, 
Nuntia sum linguae, digitis signata magistris. 

ANNULUS CUM GEMMA. 

Corporis extremi non magnum pondus adhaesi : 
Ingenitum dicas, ita pondere nemo gravatur : 
(Jna tamen facies, plures habitura figuras. 



Virtutes magnas de viribus affero parvis : 

Pando domus clausas ; iterum sed claudo patentes ; 

Servo domum domino ; sed ruisus servor ab ipso. 



Nexa ligor ferro, multos habitura ligatos : 
Vincior ipsa prius ; sed vincio vincta vicissim 
Et solvi multos, nee sum tamen ipsa soluta. 



Terra mibi corpus, vires mihi prsestitit i^is : 
Alta domus qusero ; sedes est semper in imo ; 
Et me perfundit, qui me cito deserit humor. 



Sunt mihi sunt lacrymae ; sed non est causa doloris, 
Est iter ad ccelum ; sed me gravis impedit aer : 
Et, qui me genuit, sine me non nascitur ipse. 



Nox ego sum facie ; sed non sum nigra colore 
Inque die media tenebras tamen affero mecum . 
Nee mihi dant stellse lucem, nee Cynthia lumen. 



CARMINA NATHANIS C. BROOKS. 



EST VITA SIMILIS ROSiE. 

Est vita similis rosae. 

In sole novo florenti, 
Sed, antequam cadunt umbrae, 

Sparsae ac mortuae humi ; 
Sed super foliis rosae 
Rorescunt noctis lachrymse 
Plorantis fatum flebile ; 
Sed nullus unquam flebit me. 

Est vita mihi similis 

Autumni arenti folio 
Quod tremit lunae radiis 

Casurum, moriens solo ; 
Sed ante cadet, ramulos 
Deflebit arbor viduos, 
Venti spirabunt arbore ; 
Sed nullus aut lugebit me. 

Est vita mihi similis 

In Tampae litore sicco 
Cedentibus vestigiis 

Quum fluctus saevit ex alto ; 
Sed, ingemiscens irritas 
Humani generis notas, 
Reboat mare in litore; 
Sed nullus lamentabit me. 



LATIN LESSONS. 179 

MY LIFE IS LIKE THE SUMMER ROSE. 

R. H. WILDE. 



My life is like the summer rose, 

That opens to the morning sky, 
But ere the shades of evening close, 
Is scattered on the ground to die : 
But on that rose's humble bed 
The sweetest dews of night are shed, 
As if she wept such waste to see — 
But none shall weep a tear forme. 

My life is like the autumn leaf, 

That trembles in the moon's pale ray ; 
Its hold is frail - its state is brief- 
Restless and soon to pass away . 
Yet ere that leai shall fall and fade. 
The parent tree shall mourn its shade. 
The winds bewail the leafless tree — 
But none shall breathe a sigh for me. 

My life is like the print of feet 

Left upon Tampa's desert strand ; 
Soon as the rising tide shall beat. 

The tracks shall vanish from the sand : 
Yet, as if grieving to efface 
All vestige of the human race. 
On that lone shore loud moans the sea — 
But none shall e'er lament for me. 



180 LATIN LESSONS. 



TU PARCE ILLI AKBORI. 



TtJ parce illi arbori ! 

Nee noce ramulo! 
Profuit juveni 

Mi ; ac illam defendo 
Proavus posuit 

Juxta illius casam ! 
Lignator, manebit ! 

^e molire asciam. 



Truncum veterrimum 

Amavi ; ac umbram, 
Ceu consanguineum — 

Succideresne illam? 
Nee iee lignator ; 

Nee caede stipitem ; 
Quercum illam patitor 

Florere veterem. 



Dum puer, otio, 

Petivi umbraculum ; 
Hie sorores, gaudio 

Luserunt ver novum ; 
Hie mater fovit me, 

Hie pater amavit — 
Huic lacrymas ignosce, 

Ac sine ut arbor stet. 



Praecordia tenent 

Te, ut liber, amice ! 
Hinc volucres canent 

Ad auras amoine 
Sperne arbor procellam? 

Lignatoj- bine abi ' 
Non tendes asciam 

Dum manus exit mi 



LATIN LESSONS. 181 

WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE. 

G. P. MORRIS . 



16 



Woodman, spare that tree ! 

Touch not a single bough ! 
In youth it sheltered me. 

And I'll protect it now. 
'Twas my forefather's hand. 

That placed it near his cot; 
There, woodman, let it stand, 

Thy axe shall harm it not ! 

That old familiar tree. 

Whose glory and renown 
Are spread o'er land and sea, 

And wouidst thou hack it down ? 
Woodman, forbear thy stroke ! 

Cut not its earth-bound ties ; 
Oh spare that aged oak, 

Now towering to the skies ! 

When but an idle boy 

I sought its grateful shade ; 
In all their gushing joy 

Here too my sisters played. 
My mother kissed me here ; 

My father pressed my hand — 
Forgive this foolish tear, 

But let the old oak stand ! 

My heart-strings round thee cling, 

Close as thy bark, old friend ! 
Here shall the wild-bird sing 

And still thy branches bend. 
Old tree ! the storm still brave ! 

And, woodman, leave the spot; 
While I've a hand to save, 

Thy axe shall harm it not. 



]82 LATIN LESSONS. 



CARMEN SIRENIS. 



Te grator ad mare, hie pax est formse. 
In quieto lare a turba procellae : 
Sub aquis marinis, in imo leni, 
Vestimentis ostrinis tuum torum stravi 
Dormieris quiete : fluctuosa garges 
Quae fertur impete, undae tortiles 
Vorticibus circum, ne perturbent te 
Sopore sepuitum, in ponto leniore. 

Puellae levabunt soporem lecti ; 
Crines illustrabunt arenae auri ; 
Detexent comarum cirrhos studiis 
Ornabuntque gemmarum luce, ac baccis. 
Bibes crystalli fontes lustrabisque, nostros 
Submarinos per montes, saltus corallines, 
Per ramulos quorum, profluet solis 
Splendor radiorum lanceis similis. 

Imo maris patentis, septse moenibus 
Smaragdi lucentis, magnetis domus 
Ostendunt splendentes sapphiros tecto, 
Et testa.s nitentes in pavimento. 
Lunae radii agunt fluctus in numerum, 
Ac Sirenes satagunt velocem chorum ; 
Age manum puellse formosissimae, 
Ac maxime bellae supra aurum terrse. 



LATIN LESSONS. 183 

PERI'S SONG. 

N. C. BROOKS. 



A WELCOME to Ocean, a rest to thy form. 

From the whirlwind's commotion, — the tempest's wild storm. 

Beneath the dark billow, in the untroubled deep, 

I have made a soft pillow, to lull thee to sleep. 

Thou shall slumber in quiet ; the billowy whirl. 

That shouts in mad riot, the dark waves that curl 

In eddies around thee, shall never intrude. 

When sleep has once bound thee, in the sea's solitude. 

Our seamaids shall lighten the sleep of thy bed ; 
Their gold powder brighten the hair of thy head ; 
They'll plait with caresses, thy soft sunny curls ; 
And stud the long tresses with diamonds and pearls. 
Thou shalt drink from our fountains of chrystal, and rove. 
On Ocean's high mountains, o'er the red coral grove, 
Thro' whose stone boughs, the glances of sunlight shall pour. 
Like bright golden lances, in arrowy shower. 

Beneath the waves darkling, surrounded by walls 
Of emeralds sparkling, are adamant halls, 
With sapphire roof gleaming, and pavement of shells ; 
With light from them streaming, like naphtha from wells. 
To the music of waters, by the moon tuned to song. 
Here Ocean's gay daughters their dances prolong : 
With the fairest, the brightest, come join then thy hand. 
As she trips it the lightest, upon the gold sand. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



a.... 


active. 


freq. 


. frequentative. 


n. pass 


neuter passive. 


adj . 


. adjective. 


/..... 


.. feminine. 


num. . . 


. numeral. 


adv. . 


. adverb. 


gei:. 


. gerund. 


part. . . 


participle. 


c. .. 


common gender. 


imp. 


. impersonal. 


pass.. 


passive. 


comp 


. comparative. 


inc.. 


. inceptive. 


pi.... 


plural. 


conj 


conjunction. 


ind .. 


. indeclinable. 


prep .. 


. preposition. 


d.... 


dcubtfu] gender. 


int.. 


. interjection. 


pret . . 


. pieteritive. 


def.. 


defective. 


irr .. 


. irregular. 


pro .. .. 


. pronoun. 


dep . 


deponent. 


m.... 


. masculine. 


subs.. . 


substantive. 


dim. 


diminutive. 


n. .. 


. neuter. 


sup . . . 


. superlative. 



A, ab, or abs, prep, from, by, of. 
Aaron, onis, m Aaron. 
Abdico, are, avi, atum, a. to 

abdicate. 
Abel, elis, m. Abel. 
Abeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. (ab 

& eo, ) to depart ; to go out. 
Aberam he. See Absum. 
Abii, &c. See Abeo. 
Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. 

(ab & jacio,) to throw away; 

to throw. 
Abs. See A. 

Absens, tis, part, absent : from. 
Absolvo, vere vi, utum, a. to 

absolve ; to acquit. 
Absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab & 

sum,) to be absent or distant. 
Absurde^o, ere, ui, n. to grow 

deaf. 



Abundans, tis, part, (abundo,) 

abounding, 
Abundantia, se, f. abundance ; 

plenty • from 
Abundo, are, avi, atum, n (ab 

& undo,) to abound. 
Abutor, uti, ustis sum, dep. to 

abuse. 
Ac, conj. and 

Accendo, ere, i, sum, a. to in- 
flame, to enkindle. 
Accepi. See Accipio. 
Accido, ere, cidi, cisuran.(ad & 

cado,) to happen. 
Accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 

(ad. & capio,) to receive ; to 

take ; to admit ; to accept of. 
Accipiter, ris, m. a hawk. 
Accusatus, a, um, part, hd-ng 

accused: from. 
Accuso, are, avi, atum, a. (ad 

& causa,) to accuse. 



ACER AFFERO. 



185 



Acer, acris, acre, ?id}. fierce. 

Acetum, i, a. acid ; vinegar. 

Acies, ei, f. an army in battle- 
array. 

Actio, onis, f. (ago,) action. 

Acutus, a, rem, adj. sharp. 

Ad,prep./o; at ;for; according to. 

Adamas, antis, f. adamant ; 
diamond. 

Adamitis, i, m. Adams. 

Adamus, i, m. Adam. 

Addo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (ad 
& do.) to add ; to give, 

Adduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (ad 
&duco,) to bring; to lead. 

Adductus, a, um, part, (addu- 
co,) being brought. 

Adeo, adv. ^ad & eo,) so; so far. 

Adeo, ire, li, itum, irr, n. (ad 
& eo,) to go to. 

Adest. See Adsum. 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad 
& habeo,) to use; to employ; 
to admit; to receive. 

Adhuc, adv. (ad & hue, hither- 
to; as yet; still. 

Adivi, &c. See Adeo. 

Adimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. 
(ad & emo,) to take away. 

Adju.ment\im,iM. aid; assistance. 

Adjuvo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
assist. 

Administro, are, avi, atum, n. 
& a. (ad & ministro.) to man- 
age; to direct. 

Admiratio, onis, f. admiration. 

Admiror, ari, atus, sum, dep. 
(ad & miror, to admire. 

Admoneo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad. 
& moneo,) to admonish. 

Adolescens, tis, c. a youth. 

Adolescentia, ae, f. youth. 

Adonis, idis, m. Adonis. 

Adorans, tis, part. from. 

Adoro, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 
oro) to adore; to reverence. 

16* 



Adriaticus, a, um, adj. of the 
Adriatic. 

Adsum, esse, fui irr. n. (ad & 
sum,) to be present. 

Ad vena, ae, c. a foreigner; a 
stranger. 

Advenio, ire, eni, entum, n. (ad 
St venio,) to come; to arrive. 

Adventus, us, m. (advenio, 
an arrival; a coming. 

Ad versus, a, um, adj. adverse: 
res adversae. misfortunes; ad- 
versity; prep, against. 

^duus, i, m. an .Mlduan. 

^gritudo, mis, f. sickness; wea- 
riness. 

jEgrotus, a, um, a. sick. 

^gyptius, a, um, did j. Egyptian; 
subs, an Egyptian: from 

iEgyptus, i. f. Egypt. 

^raulatio, onis, f. rivalry. 

iEneus, a, um, adj. of brass; 
brazen. 

^qualis, e, adj. equal; contem- 
porary. 

^quor, oris, n. a sea: from 

^quum, i. n. justice. 

^quus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
equal; calm; unruffled. 

Aer, eris, n. air. 

MSi ffiris, n. brass; a statue. 

^schines, is, m. Mschines, a 
Grecian orator. 

^sopus, i, m. AEsop. 

^stas, atis, f. summer. 

^stimo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
estimate; to value. 

^tas, atis, f. age. 

^ternus, a, um, adj. eternal, 

^vum, i,n, an age, 

Affecto, are, avi, atum, a. to 
affect; desire; to attempt. 

AfFero, ferre, atttili, irr. a. (ad 
& fero,) to bring; to allege; 
to plead. 



AFFICIO AMYGDALUS. 



Afficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. 

(ad & facio,) to affect: af- 

fic&re pcBn'i,to punish: dolore, 

to grieve. 
Affirmo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

affirm. 
Af^iciio.oms,i.trouble; affliction. 
Affluo, vere, uxi. uxum, a. (ad 

& fluo,) to abound. 
Africa, ae, f. Africa. 
Africanus, i, m. Africanus. 
AgellQs, i, m. a farm. 
Ager, agri, m. ajield;a territory. 
Agger, eris, m, a mound; a fort; 

a rampart. 
Aggredior, gredi, gressus sum, 

dep. (ad &. gradior,) to attack; 

to assault. 
Agmen, inis, n. a line; order 

of battle. 
Agnus, i, m. a lamb. 
Ago, age re, egi, actum, a to 

drive; to act; to do; to lead: 

gratias agere, to give thanks. 
Agricola, ae, m. (ager & colo,) 

a husbandman. 
Agrigencum, i, n. Agrigentum. 
Ah ! int. ah! alas! 
Aio, ais, ait, def. to say. 
Albus, a, um, adj. while. 
Alciblades, is, m. Alcibiades. 
Alexander, dri, m. Alexander, 

a king of Macedonia. 
Alexandria, ae, f. Alexandria, a 

city of Egypt. 
Alexis, is, m. Alexis. 
Alfredus, i, m. Alfred. 
Algor, oris, m. cold. 
Alien us, a, um, adj. foreign; 

strange. 
Alimentum i, n.food; nourish- 
ment. 
Aliquando,adv.aia certain time. 
Aliquis, -quoe, -quod & -quid, 

pro. (alius & quis,) some; 

some one; any. 



Aliquot,ind. adj (alius & quot,) 
some; several. 

Alius, a, ud, adj. other; another 

AJlei(hanii, orum. m. pi. the 
Alleghanies. 

Allegoria, ae, f. an allegory. 

AllOquor, l6qui, locutus sum, 
dep. (ad & loquor,) to speak 
to address. 

Alo, alere, alui, alitum or altum, 
a. to maintain; to feed;'to sup- 
port; to strengthen. 

Alpes, ium, m. the Alps. 

Alter, 6ra, erum, adj. another, 
the other. 

Altus, a.um,adj .high ;lofty; deep 

Alui. See Alo. 

Amans, antis, part, loving. 

Amans, antis, m. a lover. 

Amator, oris, m.a lover. 

Amazon, onis, m. the Amazon. 

Ambo, ae, o, adj. both. 

America, ae, f. America. 

Americaniis, a, tim, adj. Ameri- 
can. 

Amica, ae, f. a mistress, 

Amicitia, ae, f. friendship: from 

Amicus, i, m. a friend. 

Amicus, a, um, adj. ior, issi- 
mus, (dimo,) friendly. 

Amitto, ere, misi, missum, a- 
(a & mitto.) to lose. 

Amnis, is, d. a river. 

Amo, are, avi, atum, a. ^o love. 

Amoene, ?Ldv. pleasantly. 

Amcenitas, atis, f. pleasantness. 

Amoenus, a, um, ?id\. pleasant. 

Amor, oris, m. (amo,) lov-e; af- 
fection. 

Amplius, adv. (comp. of am- 
pl^,) more: non amplius, no 
more. 

Amplus, a, um, adj. ior, issim- 
us, great. 

Amygdalus, i, f. a7i almond 
tree. 



AN ARMATUS. 



187 



An, adv. & conj. of doubt or 
interrogation; in indirect ques- 
tions, whether; in direct ques- 
tions, it is not translated. 

Anchora, ae, f. an anchor. 

Andreas, ae, m, Andre; Andrew, 

Andromache, es, f. Androma- 
che. 

Anglia, ae, f. England. 

Anglicus, a, tim, Anglicanus, 
a, um, d,^]. English. 

Anima, ae, f. the lifi; the soul. 

Animal, alis, n.(animaj) a crea- 
ture; an animal. 

Animus, i, m. the mind; the dis- 
position; the soul; courage: 
esto bono animo, be of good 
courage; take courage. 

Anna, ae, f.Anna. 

Annapolis, is, f. Annapolis. 

Annecto, ere, exui, exum, a. to 
annex. 

Ancilla, ae, f. a maid. 

Annibal, alls, m. Hannibal, a 
Carthaginian general. 

Annulus, i. m. a ring. 

Annus, i, m. a year. 

Anser, eris, m. a goose. 

Ante, prep, before; ante, adv. 
before; formerly. 

Antepono, ere, sui, situm, a. to 
prepare; to set before. 

Antequam, adv. (ante & quam,) 
before. 

Antipater, tris, m. Antipater. 

Antiqutis, a, um, adj. ancient. 

Antonius, i, m. Antony, a Ro- 
man general. 

Antrum, i, n. a cave. 

Anus, us, f. an old woman. 

Anxius, a, um, adj. anxious; 
solicitous. 

Aper, apri, m. a wild boar. 

Aperio, ire, ui, turn, a. (a & 
pario,) to open; to disclose. 

Apollo, inis, m. Apollo. 



Apostolus, i, m. an apostle. 
Appareo, ere, ui, n. (ad &, 

pareOj ) to appear; to be seen; 

to attend; to wait on. 
Appello, are, avi, atum, a. (ad 

k pello,) to call. 
Appeto, ere, ivi, itum, a. (ad 

& peto,) to desire; to try to 

obtain; to pursue; to covet. 
Appropinquo, are, avi, atum, 

a. to approach. 
Apttis, a, um, adj. fit; suitable. 
Ap\id,TpYe'p,with;near;b6fore; at. 
Aqua, as, f. water. 
Aquila, ae, f. an eagle. 
Ara, ae, f. an altar. 
Arabs, abis, m. an Arab. 
Arar, aris, m, the river Arar, 

now the Saone, in France. 
Aratrum, i, m. a plough. 
Arbor, 6ris, f. a tree. 
Areas, adis, m. Areas. 
Arcessitus, a, um, part, being 

called: from 
Arcesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. to 

send for; to invite. 
Archimedes, is, m. Archimedes, 

a celebrated mathematician. 
Arcus, us, m. a bow: pluvius 

arcus, the rainbow. 
Ardens,entis,adj. ardent; eager. 
Ardor, oris, m. zeal; ardor. 
Arduus, a, um, adj. difficult. 
Arenarius, a, um. adj. of sand. 
Arena, as, f. sand. 
Areo, er^, ui, n. to be dry. 
Argenteus, a, um, adj. (argen- 

tum,) of silver; silver. 
Argentum, i, n. silver. 
Arguo, ere, ui, titum, a. to ac- 
cuse; to blame. 
Argus, i, m. Argus. 
Arma, orum, n. pi. arms. 
Armatura, ae, f. armor. 
Armatus, a, um, part, being 

armed; from armo. 



I£8 



ARMENTUM AVIDUS. 



Armentum, i, n. a herd. 

Armistidseus, i, m. Armistead. 

Arnoldiiis, i, m. Arnold^ the 
Traitor. 

Aroma, atis, n. a spice. 

Arripio, ere, ui, epturn, a. to 
seize. 

Arrogant ia, ae, f. arrogance. 

Ars, tis, f. art; skill. 

Artus, us, m. a joint; a limb. 

Arundo, inis, f. a reed. 

Aruns, untis, m. Aruns, collea- 
gue of Brutus. 

Arvum, i, n. a field. 

Arx, CIS, f. a citadel; a fortress. 

Ascia, ae, f. an axe. 

Asia, ae, f. Asia. 

Asiatictis, a, um, ad. Asiatic. 

Asinus, i, m. an ass. 

Asper, era, erum, adj. rough; 
calamitous; perilous; fierce. 

Assero, ere, evi, assitum, a. 
to assert; to declare. 

Assertor, oris, m. a jproclaimer ; 
assertor. 

Astraea, ae, f. Astrcea, goddess of 
Justice. 

Astrum, i, n. a star; a constel- 
lation. 

Assumo, ere, umpsi, umptum, 
a. to take; to assume. 

At, conj. hut. 

Ater, tra, triim, adj. hlack. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi. Athens, 
the most celebrated city of 
Greece. 

Atlantictis, a, um, adj. Atlan- 
tic. 

Atque, conj. and. 

Attingo, ere, attigi, attactum, a. 
to reach; to touch. 

Auctor, oris, c. (augeo,) an 
author; a leader; a head. 

Auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor) au- 
thority. 

Aadacia,ae, f.(audax,) audacity. 



Audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. pass. 
to dare. 

Audio, Ire, Tvi, itum, a. to hear, 

Auditus, a, um, part, (audio.) 

Auditus, us, n. hearing; sense 
of hearing. 

Aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla- 
ttim, a. to take away. 

Aufugio, ere, i, itum, n. (ab. 
& fugio,) to escape; to Jiy 
from. 

Augeo, augere, auxi, aucttim, 
a. to increase. 

Augustus, i, m. Augustus, a 
Roman Emperor. 

Aula, ae, f. a hall; a court. 

Aura, ae, f, a gentle gale. 

Auratus, a, um, adj. gilded. 

Aurelianum, i, n. Orleans. 

Aureus, a, um, adj. gold; gold- 
en. 

Auris, is, f. an ear. 

Aurora, ae, f. Aurora, the morn- 
ing. 

Aurum, i, n. gold. 

Ausculto, ave, ari, atum, to 
listen. 

Auster, tri, m. the south wind. 

Australis, is, e, adj. South; 
Southern. 

Aut, conj. or. 

Autem, conj. but. 

Autumnus, i, m. autumn. 

Auxilium, i, n. aid; assistance; 
auxiliaries. 

Avaritia, ae, f. avarice. 

Avarus, a, um, adj. avaricious, 

Avarnus, i, m. Avernus; poeti- 
cally; Hell. 

Aversus, a, um, adj. averse; 
unwilling. 

Averto, ere, verti, versum, a. 
(a & verto,) to turn away. 

Avidus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
desirous; eager; fond; avari- 
cious. 



AVIS CALCO. 



189 



Avis, is, f. a bird. 



B. 



Babylon, onis, f. Babylon. 

Bacca, se, f. a berry; a pearl. 

Bacchus, is, m. Bacchus, the god 
of wine. 

Balasna, x, f. a whale; a gram- 
pus. 

Baltimorensis, is, e, adj. of Bal- 
timore. 

Baltimoria, ae, f. Baltimore. 

Barbiton, i, n. a lute; a lyre. 

Baron onis, m. a Baron. 

Barron, onis, ra. Barron. 

Battata, ae, f. apotatoe. 

Beatas, a, um, adj. (beo,) happy. 

Belgae,arum,m. pi. the Belgians. 

Belis, idis, f. Belis. 

Bellandum, di, gen. from bello. 

Bello, are, avi, atum, n. to 
fight; to war. 

Bellua, ae, f. a beast. 

Bellum, i, n. war. 

Bellas, a, um, adj. beautiful. 

Bene, adv. melius, optime, well. 

Benefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. 
to profit; to benefit. 

Beneficium, i, n. (benefacio,) 
a benefit; a favor. 

Benevoltis, a, um, adj. benevo- 
lent; affectionate. 

Benigntis, a, um, adj. kind. 

Benningtonia, ae, f. Bennington. 

Berenice, es, f. Berenice^ a 
queen. 

Bestia, ae, f. beast. 

Bethlehemus, i, f. Bethlehem. 

Biblicus, a um, adj. of the Bi- 
ble. 

Bibo, ere, i, itum, a. to drink. 

Biduum, i, n. (bis & dies,) two 
days. 

Bis, adv. twice. 



Bland e, adv. softly; gently, 
Blandusia, ae, f. Blandasia, a 

fountain in Italy. 
Bonum, i, n. a good; a good 

thing; a blessing: from. 
Bonus, a, um,adj. comp. melior, 

sup. opltmus, good. 
Borussus, a, um, adj. Prussian. 
Bos, bovis, c. an ox; a cow, 
Bostonia, ae, f. Boston. 
Brachium, i, n. an arm. 
Braddockius, i, m. Braddock. 
Brevis, e, adj. short; brief: bre- 

vi, or brevi tempore, in a 

short time. 
Britannia, ae, f. Britain. 
Britannicus, a, um, adj. British. 
Britanntis, i, m. a Briton. 
Brutus, i, m. Brutus. 
Bucephalus, i, m. Bucephalus, 

the name of Alexander's horse. 
B unkerius, i, m. Bunker. 
Burrhus, i, m. Burr. 



Cadmus, i, n. Cadmus. 
Caedes, is, f. slaughter; murder 
Caedo, ere, cecidi, caesum, a, to 

cut; to slay. 
Caecus, a, um, adj. blind. 
Caesar, is, m. Julius Ccesar, the 

first Roman Emperor. 
Caesarea, se, f. Jersey. 
Csesus, a, um, part, (caedo,) 

slain. 
Caeterus, gra, erum, adj. other; 

the other. 
Cainus, i, m. Cain. 
Calamitas, atis, f. (calamus,) 

loss; calamity; misfortune. 
Calamus, i, m. a reed. 
Calcar, aris, n. a spur. 
Calco, are, avi, atum, a. to 
! tread; to tread upon. 



190 



CALLISTO CEXTESIMUS. 



Callisto, onis, t. Callisto. 

Calumnia, ae, f. calumny; slan- 
der. 

Calx, cis, f. the heel. 

Camdenum^ i, n. Camden, a 
city. 

Camelus, i, m. a camel. 

Camillus, i, m. Camillus^ a Ro- 
man. 

Campus, i, m- a plain; afield. 

Canalis, is, m. a canal. 

Cancer, cri. m. a crab. 

Candidu3,a, m'n,3idj. white; fair. 

Canis, is, c. a dog. 

Canistrum, i, n. a basket. 

Cano, ere, cecini, cantum, a. to 
sing. 

Cannae, arum, f. pi. Cannce. 

Cantabrigia, se, f. Cambridge. 

Capax, acis, adj. capacious; ca- 
pable. 

Capella, ae, f. a kid. 

Caper, ri, m. a he-goat. 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a. to 
take; to capture; to seize. 

Capitolium, i, n. the Capitol. 

Capra, as, f. a she-goat. 

Capto, are, avi, atum, a freq. 
(capio,) to seek or strive for. 

Captus, a urn, part, (capio,) 
having been seized; taken; 
captivated; deprived. 

Capua, ce, f Capua, a city of 
Italy. 

Caput, itis, n. a head; a capital 
city. 

Career, eris, ra. a prison. 

Careo, ere, ui, n. to be without; 
to be in want; to be destitute 
of, 

Caritas, atis, f. charity. 

Carleolum, i, n. Carlisle. 

Carlopolis, is, f. Charleston. 

Carmen, inis, n. a poem; a song; 
a verse. 

Caro, carnis, f. flesh. 



Carolina, ae. f. Carolina; Caro- 
line. 

Carollius, t, m. Carroll. 

Carolus, i, m. Charles. 

Carpo, ere, carpsi, carptum, a. 
to crop; to pluck. 

Carthaginiensis, e, adj. Cartha- 
ginian: subs, a Carthaginian. 

Carthago, inis, f. Carthage, a 
city in the northern part of 
Africa. 

Carus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
dear. 

Casa, aB, f. a cottage; a hut. 

Cassius, i, m. Cassius. 

Castaneus, a, um, adj. of a 
chesnut. 

Castra, orum, n. pi. a camp. 

Casus, us, m. (cado,) an event; 
a fall; death;chance; accident. 

Catena, ae, f. a chain. 

Catilina, ae, m, Catiline, a 
profligate Roman, who con- 
spired against his country. 

Cato, onis, m. Cato, the name 
of a Roman family. 

Cauda, ae, f. a tail. 

Causa, ae, f. a cause; a reason: 
causa, on account of. 

Causidicus, i, m. a lawyer. 

Cavetur, ebatur, cautum est, 
imp.zY is provided, 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. to 
yield; to depart. 

Celeber, bris, bris, bre, adj. re- 
nowned; famous. 

Celer, eris, ere, adj. swift. 

Celeritas, atis, f. (celer,) swift- 
ness; despatch. 

Celeriter, adv. celerius, ceiem- 
me, (celer.) swiftly; quickly. 

Celo, are, avi, atum, a. to con- 
ceal; to conceal from. 

Censeo, ere, ui, um, a. to Judge. 

Centesimus, adj. hundredth; 
subs, a cent. 



CENTUM COLUMBUS. 



191 



Centum, num. adj. pi. ind. a 

hundred. 
Cerno, ere, crevi cretum, a. 

to perceive. 
Cephrenes, is, m. Cephrenes, 

one of the Pharaohs. 
Cepi. See Capio. 
Cerberus, i, m. Cerberus^ a 

three-headed dog. 
Certamen, inis, n. a contest. 
Certe or Certo, adv. (certus,) 

certainly. 
Certus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 

certain. 
Cervus, i, m. a stag. 
Cesso, are, avi, atum, n. to 

cease. 
Cheops, opis, m. Cheops, a 

Pharaoh. 
Chesapaeacus, a, um, ad. of the 

Chesapeak. 
Chorus, i, m. a choir. 
Christianus, a, um, adj. Chris- 
tian. 
Christus, i, m. Christ, 
Cibus, i, m,food; viands. 
Cicero, onis, m. Cicero, 
Cilicia, se, f. Cilicia. 
Cincinnatus, i, m. Cindnnatus. 
Circiter, adv. about; nearly. 
Circum, prep, around. 
Circumeo, ire, ivi, itum, a. to 

surround. 
Cirrhus, i, m. a lock of hair. 
Cisterna, se, f. a cistern. 
Cito, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 

(cio,) to excite. 
Cito, adv. quickly. 
Civilis, is, e, adj. civil. 
Civis, is, c. a citizen. 
Civitas, atis, f. (civis,) a state; 

a city. 
Clarisonus, (clarus & sonus,) 

adj. loud; clear. 
Clarus^ a, um, adj. renowned; 

famous. 



Classis, is, f. a fleet. 
Claudo, ere, si, sum, a. to shut. 
Clavis, is, f. a key. 
Clavus, i, m. a helm. 
Clementer, adv. kindly. 
Clementia, se, f. clemency. 
Clepsydra, se, f. a water-clock. 
Cleopatra, se, f. Cleopatra. 
Clodius, i, m. Clodius. 
Cocbranus, i, m. Cochrane, a 

British Admiral. 
Codrus, i, m. Codrus, the last 

king of the Athenians, 
Coeiestis, is, e, adj. celestial; 

heavenly. 
Ccelum, i, n. sin^ m. pi. heaven. 
Cosno, are, avi, atum,n. (ccena,) 

to sap. 
Coepi, isse, def. 1 begin or 1 

began. 
Cceptum, i, n. a beginning. 
Cogitandi, ger.: from 
Cogito, are, avi, atum, a. to 

think; to reflect. 
Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, a. 

(con &. ago,) to compel; to 

force. 
Colendus, part, from colo, to be 

respected or reverenced. 
Collegium, i, n. a college. 
Colligo, ere, legi, lectum, a. 

(con & lego, to collect. 
Collis, is, m. a hill. 
Colloco, are, avi, atum, a. (con 

& loco, to place; to set. 
Colloquens, part, from collo- 

quor, speaking. 
Colloquium, i, n. a colloquy; a 

conversation. 
Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a. to 

respect; to practise. 
Colonia, s, f. a colony. 
Color, oris, m. color. 
Colossus, i, m. the Colossus. 
Columba, se, f. a dove; a pigeon. 
Columbus,i,f. Columbus; a town. 



192 



COLUMN A CONJICIO. 



Coiurana, se, f. a column. 

Coma, ae, f. hair. 

Comedo, ere, edi, esum, a. (con 
& edo,) to eat up; to devour. 

Comes, itis, c. (cum & eo,) a 
companion; an attendant; a 
count. 

Cominus, adv. hand to hand. 

Comitium, i, n. Assembly; Con- 
gress. 

Commaculo, are, avi, atum, a. 
to stain; to spot. 

Commeatus, us, m. provision; 
food. 

Commemoro, are, avi, atum, a. 
(con Sc memoro.) to mention. 

Committo, ere, isi, issura, a. 
(con & raitto,) to commit; to 
intrust. 

Commddo, are, avi, atum, a. 
(commodus,) to give; toaf- 
ford. 

Commodum, i, n. profit; inter- 
est; advantage. 

Commodus, a, urn, did}, fit; con- 
venient. 

Communis, e, adj. common. 

Communiter, adv. commonly; 
generally. 

Comparo, are, avi, atum, a. 
(con & paro,) to acquire; to 
compare. 

Compello, ere, tili, ulsum, a 
con Scpello,) to force; to com- 
pel; to drive. 

Comperio, Ire, peri, pertum, a. 
(con & pario,) to learn; to be 
informed. 

Compesco,ere,cui,a. to restrain. 

Compono, onere, osui, ositum, 
a. to compose; to compare. 

Concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, a. 
& n. (con & cedo,) to go; to 
retire. 

Concilio, are, avi, atum, a. (con- 
cilium,) to conciliate. 



Concilium, i. n, a council; an 
assembly. 

Concordia, ae, f. concord. 

Concupisco, ere, ivi, itum, a. to 
desire. 

Concuno, ere, i, sum, n. to con- 
cur; to run together. 

Concutio, cutere, cussi,cussum, 
a. to shake. 

Condemno, are, avi, atum, a. 
(con &, damno,) to condemn. 

Condi tor, oris, m. a founder. 

Condltus, a, um, part, (condio.) 

Conditio, onis f. condition; cir- 
cumstances. 

Condio, ire, Tvi, itum, a. to sea- 
son; to embalm. 

Condono, are, avi, atum, a. 
(con & dono,) to remit; to 
pardon. 

Conduco, ducere, duxi, duc- 
tum, a. to conduce; to lead. 

Confectus, a, um, part, (con- 
ficio,) consumed; destroyed; 
wasted. 

Confero, conferre, contuli, col- 
latum, a. irr. (con & fero,) 
to bring together. 

Conficio, ere, eci, a, (con & 
facio,) to make; to prepare; 
to overpower; to consume. 

Conf ido, ere, idi, isum, a. to 
confide. 

Confirmo, are, avi, atum, a. 
con & firmo,) to encourage; 
to assert. 

Confiteor, eri, fessus sum, dep. 
(con & fatcor,) to confess. 

Confcederatus, a, um, adj. unit- 
ed; confederate. 

Congress us, us, m. a meeting; 
Congress. 

Conjectus, a, um, part, being 
thrown or cast: from 

Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a 
(con & jacio,) to throw. 



COXJURATIO CONVOCO. 



]93 



Conjuratio, onis, f. a conspira- 
cy- 

Conjux, tigiSjC. (con &jungo,) 
a spouse; a husband; a wife. 

Connexo, ere, ui, um, a. to join. 

Connubialis, is, e, adj. connu- 
bial; marriageable. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, dep. to 
strive; to endeavor. 

Conscius, a, um, adj. conscious; 
guilty. 

Conscrlbo, ero, scripsi, scrip- 
turn, a. (con & scribo,) to 
write together. 

Conscriptus, a, um, part, (con- 
scribo,)patres conscripti, con- 
script fathers, a title of Ro- 
man senators. 

Consensio, onis, f. consent; ar- 
gument. 

Consentio, tire, si, sum. a. to 
agree; to consent. 

Consequor, qui, cutus sum, 
dep. to attain to; to accom- 
plish. 

Consensus, us, m. (consentio,) 
consent. 

Conservo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
preserve; to save. 

Consideratio, onis, f. considera- 
tion. 

Consideratus, adj. considerate. 

Considero, are, avi, atum, a. 
to consider; to think of. 

Consilium, i, n. (consulo,) 
wisdom; counsel; advice; a 
council. 

Conspectus, us, m. sight; pres- 
ence. 

Conspergo, ere, si, sum, a. (con 
& spargo,) to sprinkle; to 
moisten. 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. 
(con & specio,) to see; to be- 
hold. 

Conspiratio,6nis,f. a conspiracy. 
17 



Constans, adj. constant. 
Constituo, ere, ui, tituro., a. 

(con 8t statuo,) to establish; 

to make. 
Construo, ere, struxi, structum, 

a. (con &, struo,) to build. 
Consuettido, inis, f. (consues- 

co,) custom; practice. 
Consul, tllis, m. (consulo, a 

consul. 
Consulatus, us, m. (consul,) a 

consulship. 
Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. & a. 

to consult; to provide for. 
Consurgo, ere, rexi, rectum, n. 

to rise. 
Contemno, ere, tempsi, temp- 

tum, a. (con & temno,) to 

contemn; to despise. 
Contendo, ere, tendi, tentum, a. 

(con & tendo,) to contend. 
Contentus, a, um, adj. (contin- 

eo,) content. 
Contineo, ere, tinui, tentum, a- 

(con 8c teneo,) to hold; to- 

keep; to restrain. 
Contingo, ere tigi, tactum, a. 

to touch; to happen. 
Continuus, a, um, adj. (con- 
tineo,) continual; successive. 
Contra, ^re^. against. 
Contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra,) 

contrary; repugnant. 
ContxxmeVia.x, f. contumely ;insult 
Convenienter, adv. agreeably; 

suitably. 
Convenio, ire, veni, ventum, n.. 

(con & venio,) to assemble; 

to meet; to suit. 
Converto, ere, versi, versum, a. 

(con & verto,) to turn. 
Convinco cere, vici, victum, a. 

to convince; to convict. 
Convivium, i, n. a feast. 
Convoco, are, avi, atum, a (con 

& voco, j to call togethe7\ 



:i94 



COPIA CUSTODIO. 



Copia, ae, f. abundance; copious- 
ness; troops; forces. 

Copiosus, a, um, adj. copious; 
full. 

Coquus, i, m. a cook. 

Corallinus, a, um, adj. of coral. 

Coram, prep. 6e/bre; 171 presence 

«/■ 

Corinthus, i, f. Corinth, a city 

of Greece. 
-Cornelia, i, m. Cornelia, a Ro- 
man name. 

Corrodo, ere, osi, osum, a. to 
corrode. 

Cornu, u, n. a horn. 

Cornubia, se, f. Cornwall, in 
England. 

Corpus, oris, n. a body. 

Cortex, icis, f. bai'k; cork. 

Corvus, i, m. a crow. 

Cowpens, f. indecl. Coiupens. 

Crastinus, a, um, adj. of to- 
morrow. 

Cratera, as, f. a goblet; a cup, 

Creator, oris, m. Creator. 

Crassus, i, m. Crassus. 

Creatus, a, um, part, from creo. 
'Credo, ere, idi, itum, a. & n. to 
trust; to believe. 

Credtilus, a, um, adj. (credo,) 
credulous. 

Cremo, are avi, atum, a. to 
burn. 

Creo, are, avi, atum, a. to cre- 
ate; to appoint; to elect. 

Cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, n. to 
grow; to increase. 

Crimen, iniSj n. crime; a fault. 

Crinis, is, m, hair. 

Crinitus, a, um,adj, long-haired. 

Croesus, i, m. Crcesus, a rich 
king of Lydia. 

'Crogbanus, i, m. Croghan. 

Cruciamentum, i, n. torture. 

Crucifigo, ere, ixi, ixtum, a. to 
crucify. 



Crudelis, e, adj. cruel; hard- 
hearted. 

Crudeiitas, atis, f. cruelty. 

Crumena, se, f. a pocket. ■ 

Crus, uris, n. a leg. 

Cr}- stall us, i, m. crystal. 

Cui. See Qui & Quis. 

Cujus. See Qui & Quis. 

Culm us, i, m. a stalk; a stem. 

Culpa, £6, f. a fault. 

Culpo, are, avi, atum, a. (cul- 
pa,) to blame. 

Culter, tri, m. a knife. 

Cum, prep, with: similitude 
cum Deo, resemblance to God. 

Cum, adv. when; although. 

Cumae, arum, f. pi. the city Cu- 
mce, in Italy. 

Cumsetis, a, um, adj. Cumcean 

Cumtilo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
heap up. 

Cunctus, a, um, adj. all. 

Cupiditas, atis, f. desire; pas- 
sion: from 

Cupido, mis, m. Cupid; desire; 
lust. 

Cupidus, a, um, adj. ior, iss!- 
m\is, fond; desirous: from 

Cupio, ere, ivi, itum, a, to de- 
sire. 

Cur, adv. why? 

Cura, ae, f. care. 

Curculio, onis, m. weevil. 

Curia, ae, f. a court; curia mili- 
taris. a court martial. 

Curo, are, avi, alum, a. (cura,) 
to look to; to regard; to take 
care. 

Curritur, ebatur, imp. it is run. 

Curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, n. 
to run. 

Currus, us, m. (curro.) a char- 
iot. 

Custodia, ag, f. custody; guard. 

Custodio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. to 
keep; to preserve; from 



CUSTOS DE.VS 



195 



Custos, odis, c. a keeper. 
Cycnus, i, m, a swan. 
Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus, a king of 
Persia, 



D. 

Da, &c. See Do. 

Damnatus, a, um, part, con- 
demned: from 

Damno, are^ avi, atum, a. to 
condemn. 

Damnum, i, n. loss; damage. 

Daniel, elis, m. Daniel. 

Daphnis, idis, m. Daphnis, 

Datus, a, um, part, (do,) given. 

David, idis, m. David. 

De, prep, of; concerning; from. 

Debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. to owe; 
ought. 

Debilito, are, avi, atum, a. to 
weaken. 

Debitor, oris, m. a debtor. 

Debitum, i, n. a debt. 

Decatur, uris, m. Decatur. 

Decalogus, i, m. the decalogue. 

Decedens, tis, part, dying: from 

Decedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. 
(de & cedo,) to depart; to 
die. 

Decem,num. ^d}. ind. ten. 

Deceo, ere, ui, turn, a. to teach. 

Decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, a. 
to discern; to decree. 

Decet, ebat, cuit, imp. i. be- 
comes. 

Decido, ere, cidi, n. (de & ca- 
do,) to fall; to fall off. 

Decimus, a, um, adj. tenth. 

Decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum, 
(de &L capio,) to deceive. 

Declaratio, onis, f. a declara- 
tion. 

Declaro, are, avi, atum, a. (^e 
& claro,) to proclaim. 



Decus, oris, n. glory; honor. 

Decurio, onis, m. a sergeant. 

Deditio, onis, f. a surrender 

Dedo, ere, dedidi, dedttum, a. 
(de & do,) to give up; to sur- 
render. 

Deduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (de 
8c duco,) to bring; to lead. 

Defectio, onis, f. a revolt; the 
Revolution. 

Defendo, ere, fendi, fensum, a. 
to defend. 

Defensio, onis, f. a defence. 

Defensor, oris, m. a defender. 

Defessiis, a, um, parts, exhaust- 
ed. 

Deficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. & 
n. (de & facio,) to fail; to 
end. 

Deformitas, atis, f. deformity. 

Deglubo, ere, a. to flay. 

De-Grasseius, i, m. De-Grasse, 
a French Admiral. 

De-Kalbius, i, ra. De-Kalb, a 
German Baron. 

Delavaria, as, f. Delaware. 

Delavarius, i, m. the Delaware. 

Delecto, are, avi, atum, a. (de 
& lecto,) to delight; to please. 

Deleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to 
destroy. 

Delicatus, a. um, adj. delicate. 

Deligo, ere, legi, lectum, a. (de 
& lego,) to choose; to select. 

Delos & JDelus, i, f. the island 
Delos, one of the Cyclades. 

Delphi, drum, m. pi. Delphi. 

Demissus, a, um, adj. low. 

Demitto, ere, isl, issum, a. (de 
& mitto,) to let down; to cast 
down. 

Demosthenes, is, m. Demosth- 
enes. 

Demum, adv. at length. 

Denique, ^.dv. finally; at length 

Dens, tis, m. a tooth. 



196 



DEORSUM — DISSIDEO. 



Deorsum, adv. downwards. 
Depono, ere, posui, positum, a. 

(de &pono,) to lay down. 
Deprehendo, ere, i, sum, a. to 

take; to seize. 
Deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, 

a. (de & premo,) to depress; 

to sink. 
De-Rochambaeus, i, m, De- 

Rochamheau. 
Descensus, us, m.a descent. 
Describo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, 

a. (de & scribo,) to describe. 
Desero, ere, erui, ertum, a. (de 

& sero,) to forsake; to desert. 
Desidero, are, avi, atum, a. to 

desire. 
Designo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

mark; to designate. 
Desisto,ere,tiLi,titum,niofl{m.sf. 
Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. to 

view; to despise. 
Desuesco ere, evi, elum, n. to 

cease; to disuse. 
Desum, esse, fui, irr. n. (de & 

sum,) to he wanting. 
Desuper, adv. /row above. 
Deterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de & 

terreo,) to deter. 
Detineo, inere, inai, entum, a. 

to keep hack; to detain. 
Deus, i, m. God; a god. 
Devastatio, onis, f. devastation; 

destruction. 
Devasto, are, avi, atum, a. to 

lay waste. 
Devinco, ere, vici, victum, a. 

to conquer. 
Devoro, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
vour. 
D extra, ae, f. the right hand. 
Diadema, atis, n. a diadem. 
Dickinsonius, a, urn, adj. of 

Dickinson. 
Dico, ere, dixi, dictum, a. to 

say; to call. 



Dictator, oris, m. a dictator. 

Dido, us, or onis, f. Dido, a 
queen of Carthage. 

Dies, ei, m. or f. in sing. ra. in 
pL a day. 

DifFero, erre, distuli, dilatum, a. 
to defer; to put off. 

Difficilis, e, adj. ior, limus, (de 
& facilis,) difficult. 

Digitus, i, m. a finger. 

Dignitas, atis, f. dignity; worth. 

Dignus, a, um adj. worthy. 

Dilabor, i, lapsus sum, dep. to 
slide; to fall away. 

Dilacero, are, avi, atum, a. to 
tear in pieces. 

Diligenter, adv. (diligens,) dili- 
gently; carefully. 

Diligentia, ae, f. (diligens,) dili- 
gence, 

Diiigo, ere, lexi lectum, a. (dis 
& lego,) to love; esteem. 

Diluvium, i, n. a flood; the de- 
luge. 

Dimitto, ere, misi, missum, a. 
(dis & mitto,) to dismiss, to 
let go. 

Dionysius, i, m, Dionysius, a 
tyrant of Syracuse. 

Directus, a, um, adj. straight. 

Dirigo ere, exi, ectum, a. to di- 
rect. 

Diruo, ere, i, turn, a. to over- 
throw; to destroy. 

Dis, itis, m. Pluto. 

Discalceatus, a urn, adj. unshod. 

Discedo, ere, cessi, cessura, n. 
(dis &^ cedo,) to depart. 

Discessio, onis, f. a departure. 

Discipiilus, i, m. a scholar: 
from. 

Disco, 6re, didici, a. to learri; 
to know how. 

Discordia, ae, f. discord. 

Disjicio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (dis 
& jacio, to put down. 



DISPUTO DUXI. 



197 



Dispute, are, avi, atum, a. to 
dispute. 

Dissideo, ere, edi. essum, n. to 
disagree. 

Dissidium, i, n. disunion; disa- 
greement. 

Dissipo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
dissipate; to scatter. 

Dissimilis, e, adj. (dis & simi- 
lis,) unlike. 

Dissolve, vere, vi, utum, a. to 
dissolve . 

Distantia, ee, f, distance. 

Distichon, i, n. a duticlt. 

Disto, are, n. (dis & sto.) to 
differ; to be distant. 

Distribuo, ere, ui, utuin, a. 
(dis & tribuo,) to distribute. 

Ditis. See Dis. 

Diu, diutius, diutissime, adv. 
long; a long time. 

Diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu) 
long; lasting. 

Diversus, a. um, adj. diverse; 
different. 

Dives, adj. tior, tissimus, nch. 

Divide, ere, visi, visum, a. to 
divide; to separate. 

Divlnus, S,, um, adj. divine. 

Divitiacus, i, m. Divitiacus. 

Divitiae, arum, f. pi. (dives,) 
riches. 

Dixi. See Dico. 

Do, dare, dedi, datum, a. to 
give. 

Doctor, oris, m. (doceo.) a tea- 
cher; a preceptor; a doctor. 

Doctrlna, as, f. doctrine; educa- 
tion. 

Doctus, a, um, part, from do- 
ceo, to teach. 

DoJeo, ere, ui, n, &, z.to grieve; 
to sympathize in. 

T) olor, 6 riS,m. pain; grief; sorrow. 

Domicilium, i, n. an abode; a 
residence. 

17* 



Dominatus, us, m. reign. 
Dominicus, adj. of the Lord. 
Dommus, 1, m. a master; a 

lord. 
Domo, are, ui, itum, a. to tame; 

to subdue. 
Domus, us & i, f. a house; a 

family; a household. 
Donatus, a, um, part, given; 

presented. 
Dono, are, avi, atum, a. to give; 

to bestow; to reward with. 
Donum, i, n. (dono,) a gift; a 

a present. 
Dormio, ire, ivi, itum, n. to 

sleep. 
Dorsum, i, n. the back. 
Dos, otis, f. a gift; a dowry. 
Draco, onis, m. Draco; a dra- 
gon. 
Dubito, are, avi, atum, a. to 

doubt; to hesitate. 
Ducentesimus, a, um, adj. two 

hundredth. 
Ducenti, as, a, adj pi. two hun- 
dred. 
Duco, ere, uxi, ductum, a. to 

lead; to conduct; to reckon. 
Dueilum, i, n. a duel. 
Dulcedo, inis. sweetness. 
Dulcis,e, adj. ior, issimus, sweet; 

pleasant. 
Dum, adv. while; whilst; until. 
Dummodo, adv. provided, 
Dumnorix, igis, m. Dumnorix. 
Duo, ae, o, nura, adj. pi. two. 
Duodecem, num, adj. ind. pK 

(duo & decem,) twelve. 
Duplex, icis, adj. (duo & pli- 

co,) double; twofold. 
Duplico, are, avi, atum, a. to 

double . 
Durus, a, um, adj. hard. 
Dux, ducis, c. a leader; a com- - 

mander; a general. 
Duxi. See Duco. 



198 



E ERRO. 



E, or ex, prep, out of; from; of 
Ea, &c. See Is. 
Eadem. See Idem. 
Eboracum, i, n. York. 
Ebur, oriSj n. ivory. 
Ecce, int. lo! behold. 
Echion, onis, m. Echion. 
Ecclesiastes, ae, m. Ecclesiastes, 

a preacher. 
Economia, se, f. economy. 
Ecquis, quse, quod, pro. who? 

what? 
Edax, acis, adj. (edo, to eat,) 

consuming; destructive. 
Editus, a, um, part, from edor, 

sprung from. 
Edo, ere, didi, ditum, a. to send 

for; to elevate; to utter; to 

emit. 
Edo, ere, edi, esum, a. to eat. 
Edoceo, ere, docui, doctura, a. 

(e Scdoceo,) to teach. 
Educatio, onis, f. education. 
Educo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

bring up; to train; to educate. 
Educo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (e & 

duco,) to lead up. 
Efficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (ex 

& facio,) to make; to form; 

to accomplish. 
Egenus, a, um, adj. indigent; 

needy: from 
Egeo, ere, ui, n. to need. 
Egeria, ae, f. Egena. 
Egestas, atis, f. (egeo,) poverty. 
Ego, mei, subs. pron. I. 
Egredior, gredi, gressus sum, 

dep. (e & gradior,) to depart 
from. 
Ei, Eis, & Ejus. See Is. 
Elatus, a, um, part. (efFero,) 

raised. 
Elba, ae, f. Elba. 
Electricus, a, am, adj. electric. 



Elegans, lis, adj. lor, issTmus, 
(eligo,) refined; polished. 

Eieganter, adv. elegantly. 

Elephantus, \,m. an elephant. 

Eli^o, ere, egi, ectum, a. to 
choose. 

Elisa, ffi, f. Eliza. 

Elogium, i, n. an eulogy. 

Eloquentia, ae, f. (eloquor,) elo- 
quence. 

Eminentia, ae, f. eminence. 

Emo, emere, emi, emptum, a. 
to buy; to purchase. 

Empedocles, is, m. Empedocles. 
a philosopher of jSgrigejitum. 

En, int. lo! behold! 

Enim, conj. for. 

Ennius, i, m. Ennius, an early 
Roman poet. 

Ensis, is, m. a sword. 

Eo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n. to go. 

E6, adv. to that pass. 

Eodem, he. See Idem. 

Epaminondas, ae, m.Epaminon- 
das, a Theban general. 

Ephippiatus, a, um, adj. ca- 
parisoned. 

Epicurus, i, m. Epicurus, a 
Grecian philosopher. 

Epistola, ae, f. aletter. 

Equa, ae, f. a mare. 

Eques, equitis, m. a knight; a 
a horseman. 

Equilatus, lis, m. cavah'y. 

Equus, i, m. a horse. 

Eram, &c. See Sum. 

Erebus, i, m. Erebus; Hell. 

Erectus, a, um, part, erected; 
adj. straight. 

Er^o, conj. //len; therefore. 

Erigo, ere, rexi, rectum, a. to 
raise; to erect. 

Eripio, 6re, ui, eptum, a. (e St 
rapio,) to take away. 

Erro, are, avi, atum, n. to err; 
to wander. 



ERROR FACINUS 



199 



Error, oris, m. (erro,) mistake; 

error. 
Erudio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to in- 
struct. 
Erumpo, ere, rtipi, ruptum, a. 
^!£n.(e &rumpo,) to hurst forth, 
Esca, ae, i.food; raeat. 
Esculentus, a, um, adj. eatable; 

esculent. 
Esse. See Sum. 
Et, conj. and; also; even. 
Etiam, conj. also. 
Eum. See Is. 
Europa, as, f. Europe. 
Eutavia, se, f. EiUaw. 
Eva, 2e, f. Eve. 
Evado, ere, vasi, vasam, a. (e, 

&L vado,) to escape; to visit. 
Eventus, us, m. an event; an 

occurrence. 
Evito, are, avi, atum, a. to 

avoid; to escape. 
Evolo, are, avi, atum, n. (e Sc 

volo,) to fly away. 
Ex, prep. See E. 
Excedo, ere, cessum, n. Sc a. 

(ex &L cedo,) to exceed. 
Excello, ere, cellui, ceisum, n. 

&, a. to excel; to surpass. 
Excelsus, a, um, adj. high. 
Excipio, ere, epi, eptam, a. (ex 

& capio,) to receive. 

Excito, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 

& cito,) to raise; to excite; to 

rouse. 

Exedo, ere h esse, edi, esum, 

irr. a. (exk edo,) to consume. 

Exemplum, i, n. (exTmo,) an 

example. 
Exeo, ire, ii, irr, n. (ex & eo,) 
to go out; to come forth; to 
ascend. 
Exerceo, ere. ercui, ercitum, a. 

to exert; to exercise. 
Exercitus, tis, m. (exerceo,) an 
army. 



Existimatio, onis, f. (existimo,) 

opinion; Judgment. 
Exitium, i, n. (exeo,) destruc- 
tion. 
ExTtus, us, m. (exeo,) an end. 
Exoro, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 

& oro,) to entreat. 
Expectatio, onis, f. expectation: 

from 
Expecto, are, avi, atum, a. to 

wait for; to expect. 
Expedit, iebat, imp. it is ex- 
pedient; it profits. 
Expeditio, onis, f. a campaign; 

an expedition. 
Expello, ere, ptiii, pulsnm, a. 

(ex &- pello,) to expel; to 

banish. 
Expers, tis, adj. (ex & pars,) 

destitute. 
Explico, are, avi, atum, a. (ex 

&: plico,) to explain; unfold. 
Extinctus, a, um, part, dead: 

from 
Extin^uo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ex 

& stin^uo,)^o extinguish :Y>QiSS. 

to perish; to die. 
Extraho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. 

(ex & traho, to draw out. 
Extremus, a, um, adj, extreme; 

farthest. 
Extruo, ere, uxi, uctum, a. to 

build; to erect. 

F. 

Faber, bri, m. a workman. 
Fabius, i, m. Fabius. 
Fabiila, ae, f. a fable. 
Facies, ei, Lface; countenance. 
Facile, adv. ius, illime, pasily. 
Facilis, ior, limus, adj. easy. 
Facinus, 6ris, n. a bad action; 

a crime; a deed; an exploit 

from 



200 



FACIO FLUCTUOSUS. 



Facio, 6re, fecij factum, a. & n. 
to make; to do; to act. 

Factum, i, n. (facio,) a deed; 
an action. 

Factus, a, um, part, (fio.) 

Facultas, atis, f. (facilis,) abili- 
ty: facultates, pi. riches. 

Facundia, es, f. eloquence. 

Facundus, a, um, adj. eloquent. 

Fallax, acis, a-dj. treacherous; de- 
ceitful: from 

Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. to 
deceive. 

Falsus, a, um, adj./aZse. 

Falx, alcis, f. a pruning hook. 

Fama, ae, f.fame; a report. 

Fames, is, f. hunger; famine. 

Familia, ae, f. a family. 

Familiaris, e, adj. (familia,) 
household. 

Famula, ae, f. a female senmnt. 

Famulus, i, m. a male servoMt. 

Fanum, i, n. a temple. 

Far, ris, n. ivheat; corn. 

Fastidium, i, n. disgust. 

Fateor, eri, fassus sum, dep. to 
confess; to own. 

Fatlgo, are, avi, atum, a. to tire; 
to weary. 

Fatum, i, u.fate. 

Favens, tis, part, favoring: from 

Faveo, ere, favi, fautum, n. to 
favor. 

Favetur, imp. it is favored. 

Favor, oris, m. (faveo,) favor; 
good will. 

Feci, Sec. See Facio. 

Fel, felis, f. a cat. 

Felicitas, atis, {.felicity. 

Felix, Icis, adj. happy. 

Fenestra, ae, f. a window. 

Fera, ae, f. a wild beast. 

Fere, adv. nearly. 

Feriniis, a, um, adj. (fera,) of a 
wild beast. 

Ferio, Ire, a. to strike. 



Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
to bear; to carry;to endure; 
to say. 

Ferox, ocis, did], fierce. 

Ferre us,a, um,adj. (ferrum,) of 
iron. 

Ferrum, i, n. iron; the sword. 

Fertilis, is, e, Sid]. fertile. 

Fessus, a, um, adj. weary. 

Ficus, i, f. a fig tree; a fig. 

Fideiitas, atis, (.fidelity. 

Fidenter, adv. boldly, without 
fear. 

Fides, ei, f. belief; trust; faith. 

Fidus, a, um, 'dd]. faithful. 

Fi^o, ere, fixi, fixum, a. to fix. 

Fill a, se, f. a daughter. 

Filius, m. a son. 

Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, a. to 
fashion; to form. 

Finis, is, d. an end; confine. 

Fio, fieri, factus sum, irr. pass, 
of facio, to be made; to be- 
come; to be; to happen; to be 
done. 

Firmamentum, i, n. the firma- 
ment. 

Firmus, a, um, adj. firm; reso- 
lute. 

Flagitium, i, n. profiigacy; 
shame. 

Flag! to, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
mand; to solicit. 

Flavus, a, um, adj. yellow. 

Flebilis, is, adj. to be lamented. 

Flecto, ere, flexui, flexum, a. to 
bend. 

Fleo, ere, evi, etum, n. & a. to 
weep. 

Flore ntia, ae, f. Florence, a wo- 
man's name. 

Floreo, ere, ui, n. to flourish: 
from 

Flos, oris, m. a flower. 

FIactuosus.a,um, adj. (fluctus,) 
billowy. 



FLUCTUb FURIA. 



201 



Fluctus, us, m.a wave. 

Flumen, inis, n. (fluo,) a river. 

Fiuo, ere, uxi, uxum, n. to 
flow. 

Fluviiis, i, m. (fluo,) a river. 

Focus, i, m a fire-place; fire. 

Fodina, se, f. a mine. 

Foecundus, a, urn, adj. fertile; 
fruitful. 

Foederatus, a, urn, adj. united; 
confederate. 

Fcedus, a, um, adj./owZ; filthy. 

Fcedus, eris, n. a treaty; a lea- 
gue. 

Folium, i, n. a leaf; foliage. 

Fons, tis, m. a fountain. 

Foramen, i'nis, n. a window. 

Fore, def. verb, to he about to 
be. 

Forma, ae, f figure; beauty; 
form. 

Formica, ^, f. an ant. 

Formido, inis, i.fear. 

Formido, are, avi, atum, a. to 
fear. 

Formidolostts, a, um, adj./ear- 
ful; frightful. 

Formo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
form; to shape. 

Formositas, atis, f. beauty; fair- 
ness. 

Formosus,a,um, adj. beautiful; 
well shaped. 

Fors, tis, f. chance; fortune. 

Forte, adv. (fors,) by chance; 
perhaps. 

Fortis, e, ^di]. brave. 

Fortiter, adv. from fortis, adj. 
bravely. 

Fortitudo,inis, {.fortitude; bra- 
very. 

Fortuna, se, (fors,)/orfw?ie. 

Fossa, ae, f. a ditch. 

Fovea, 08, f. a pit. 

Foveo, ere, ovi, otum, a. to 
cherish. 



Fractus, a, um, part, from /ran- 

go; broken. 
Fraenum, i, x\.a bridle; a check. 
Franciscus, i, m. Francis. 
Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, a. 

to break. 
Franklinius, i, m. Franklin. 
Frater, tris, m. a brother. 
Fraudo, are, avi, 5-tum, a. to de- 
fraud. 
Fraudulentus, a, um, adj. (fra- 

us,) dishonest. 
Fredericus, i, m. Frederick. 
Frequens, entis, didi], frequent. 
Frequenter, adv. (frequens,) 

frequently. 
Fretus, a, um, adj. trusting to. 
Frigid us, a, um, adj. (frigus,) 

cold. 
Frigus, 6ris, n. cold; coolness 
Frons, dis, f. a leaf. 
Frumentum, i, n. corn. 
Fruor, frui, fruitus fructus, sum, 

dep. to enjoy. 
Frustra, adv. in vain. 
Frux, gis, f. fruit; corn. 
Fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, n. &. 

a. to flee ovfly; to pass away; 

to avoid; to shun. 
Fulgeo, ere, fulsi, n. to shine; 

to be conspicuous. 
Fulmen, inis, n. (fulgeo,) light- 
ning. 
Fumus, i, m. smoke. 
Fun do, ere, fudi, fusum, a. to 

pour; to rout. 
Fundo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

found. 
Funestus, a, um, adj. fatal; 

deadly. 
Fungor, i, functus sum, dep. to 

execute; to discharge. 
Funiculus, i, m. a cord. 
Funus, iins,n.a funeral ; funeral . 
Fur, uris, m. a thief. 
Furia,ae, f. madness :fiini;a fury. 



202 



FUROR GRUS. 



Furor, ari, atus, sum, dep. 

(fur,) to steal. 
Furor, oris, m. (furor,) fwy; 

madness. 
Furtum, i, n. (fur,) theft. 
Futurus, a, um, part, (sum,) 

about to be; future. 

G. 

Galatea, ae, f. Galatea. 

Gallia, ae, f. Gaul. 

Gallicus, a, um, adj. French; 
Gallic. 

Gallina, ae, f. a hen. 

Gallus, i, m. a Gaul; a French- 
man. 

Gallus, i, m. a cock. 

Gates, is,m. Gates J an American 
general. 

Gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum, n. 
pass, to rejoice; to he glad. 

Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo,) 70?/. 

Gemltus, us, m. (gemo,) a 
groan. 

Gemma, ae, f. a gem; a hud. 

Gener, eri, m, a son-in-law. 

Generatio, onis, f. generation. 

Genero, are, avi, atum, a. to he- 
get. 

Generositas, atis, f. generosity. 

Geneva, ae, f. Geneva. 

Gens, lis, f. a nation. 

Genu, u, n. theknee. 

Genus, eris, n. a kind; race. 

Georgius, i, m. George. 

Germanicus, a, um, adj. Ger- 
man. 

Germanus, i, m. German. 

Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. to 
carry; to transact; to have. 

Gestus, a, um, part, (gero.) 

Gettyspolis, is f. Gettysburg. 

Gibsia, ae, f. Gibbs. 

Gigas, an lis, m. a giant. 



Gigno, ere enui, enltum, a. to 



Girardus, 1, m. Girard. 

Gistius, i, m. Gist, a general in 
the Maryland line. 

Glacies, ei, f. ice. 

Gladius, i, m. a sword. 

Glans, andis, f. a gland; an 
acorn; a bullet. 

Gleba, ae, f. a clod; glebe. 

Gloria, ae, f. glory. 

Glomero, are, avi, atum, a. to 
thicken; to make round. 

Goliaihus, i, m. Goliah. 

Gracchus, i, m, Gracchus. 

Gradus, us, m. a step; con- 
dition; rank 

Grascia, ae, f. Greece. 

Grascus, i, m. a Greek. 

Gramen, inis, n. grass; an herb. 

Grandis, e, adj. large: grandis 
pecunia, much money. 

Grando, inis, f. hail. 

Graphium, i, n. a style; a pen. 

Gratia, ae, f. thanks; favor. 

Grator, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
congratulate. 

Gratus, a. um, adj, ior, issimus, 
grateful; agreeable. 

Gravis, e, adj. heavy; burden- 
some: gravis, somnus, deep 
sleep. 

Gravitas. atis, f. weight; gravi- 
ty. ' ^ ^ 

Graviter, adv, (gravis,) heavi- 
ly. 

Gravor, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
weigh down. 

Greene, indecl. m, Greene, an 
American general. 

Gressus, us, m. a step; a gait. 

Grex, gregis, m. a flock; a 
herd. 

Grotius, i, m. Grotius, a learn- 
ed theologian. 

Grus, gruis, m. & f . a crane 



GUBERNACULUM HORREUM. 



203 



Gubernaculum, i, n. the helm of 
a ship. 

Gubernator, oris, m. a gover- 
nor. 

Gulielmus, i, m. William. 

Gunbius, i, m. Gunhy, a colonel 
in the Maryland line. 

Gurges, itis, m. a whirlpool. 

Gustandi, ger. of tasting: from 

Gusto, are, avi, atum, a. to 
taste. 

Gustus, us, m. taste; the sense 
of taste. 

Guttenbergus, i, ra. Gutten* 



H. 

Habeo, ere, ui,iturn, di. to have; 

to esteem; to reckon; to use. 
Habito, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 

freq. (habeo,) to inhabit; to 

live; to reside. 
Habitus, a. um, part, (habeo,) 

had; pronounced; delivered. 
Hactenus, adv. (hac & tenus,) 

hitherto. 
Haedus, i, m. a kid. 
Haereo, ere, haesi, haesum, n. to 

stick. 
Hallius, i, m. Hall, a colonel in 

the 'Maryland line. 
Hamiltonius, i, m. Hamilton. 
Hammon, onis, m. Ammon, a 

name of Jupiter. 
Hannibal, alls, m. Hannibal, a 

very celebrated Carthaginian 

general. 
Harrison! us, i, m. Harrison^ 

president of U. S. 
Haud, adv. not. 
Hector, oris, m. Hector. 
Hedera, se, f, ivy. 
Hei, interj. alas! 
Helena, a;, f. Helen, a beautiful 

Grecian queen. 



Heiiodorus, 1, m. Heliodorus. 

Heliopolis, is, f. Heliopolis. 

Heliespontus, i, m. the Helles- 
pont. 

Heivetii, orum, m. pi. the Hel- 
vetians or Swiss. 

Helvetius, a, adj. Helvetian. 

Henricus, i, m. Henry. 

Herba, ai, f. an herb. 

Hercules, is, m. Hercules. 

Heros, ois, m. a hero. 

Herus, i, m. a master. 

Hessianus, a, um, adj. Hessian, 

Heu! int. ah! alas! 

Hiberna, orum, n. pi. winter 
quarters. 

Hie, haec, hoc, pro. this; he; 
she; it. 

Hic, adv. here; then; hereupon. 

Hiems, emis, f. winter. 

Hierosolyma, ae, f. Jerusalem. 

Hinc, adv. (hie,) hence; from 
this place. 

Hippocrates, is, m. Hippocrates. 

Historia, ae, f. history. 

Historicus, i, m. (historia,) a 
historian. 

Hobokenum, i, n. Hoboken. 

Hodie, adv, to day. 

Hodiernus, a, um, adj. daily. 

Holiandus, i, m. Holland^ a 
man's name. 

Homerus, i, m. Homer. 

Homo, inis, c. a man. 

Honestas, atis, f. honor; virtue. 

Honestus, a, um, adj. honora- 
ble: from 

Honor or honos, oris, m. honor. 

Honoro, are, avi, atum, a. 
(honor,) /o honoi . 

Hoi a, ae, f. an hour. 

Horatius, i, m. Horace. 

Horologium, i, n. a clock, 

Horrendus,a,um,AorriW,;/effr/tt/. 

Horreum, i, n. a storehouse; a 
granary. 



204 



HORTULUS IMPLEO. 



Horttilus i, m. a little garden. 

Hortus, i, m. a garden. 

Hostia, 86, f. a victim. 

Hostilis, e, adj. hostile: from 

Hostis, is, c. an enemy. 

Hovardus, i, m. Howard, a co- 
lonel in the Maryland line. 

Hue, adv. (hie,) hither. 

Hullius, i, m. Hall. 

Huinanus, a, am, adj. (homo,) 
human; humane. 

Humerus, i, m. a shoulder. 

Humidus, a, um, adj. moist. 

HumiliSj e, adj. (humus,) hum- 
hie. 

Humilitas, atis, f. humility. 

Humor, oris, m. moisture. 

Humus, i, f. the ground. 

Hydra, ae, f. the Hydra. 



Ibam, Ibo, &.c. See Eo 

Ibi, adv. (is,) there. 

leo, ere, ici, ictum, a. to strike. 

Id. See Is. 

Ideireo, adv. therefore. 

Idem,eadem,idem,pro.//ie same. 

Ideo, adv. therefore; on that 

account. 
Idoneus, a, um, ad}, fit. 
lens, euntis, part, (eo,) 
lesus, i, m. Jesus. 
Igitur, adv. therefore. 
Ignarus, a, m, adj. ignorant; 

inexperienced. 
Ignavia, cQ,[.sloth; idleness:fTom 
Ignavus, a, um, adj. inactive; 

indolent; idle. 
Ignis, is, m.fire. 
Ignosco, ere, ovi, otum, a. to 

pardon. 
li. See Is. 
Ilias, adis, f, the Iliad. 
liion, i, n. Ilion; Troy. 



Ilione, es, f. llione. 

Hie, ilia, illud, pro. he; she; it; 
that. 

Illecebrs, arum, f. enticements. 

Illuc, adv. (ille.) thither. 

Illtistro, are, avi, atum, a. to 
illustrate. 

Imago, inis, f. image; likeness. 

Imber, bris, m. a shower. 

Iraitatio, onis, f. imitation. 

Imitor, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
imitate. 

Immemor, oris, adj. (in & mo- 
mo r,) regardless. 

Immortalis, e, adj. (in & mor- 
talis,) immortal. 

Imo, adv. nay; nay leather. 

Impar, aris, adj, (in & par,)w7i- 
even; odd. 

Impedimentura, i, n. a hind- 
rance; an impediment; bag- 
gage. 

Impedio, ire, ivi, Ttum, a, (in & 
pes,) to hinder; to obstruct; to 
prevent. 

Imperator, oris, m. (impero,) a 
commander. 

Imperatorius, adj. of the com- 
mander: imperatorius dux, a 
major-general. 

Imperitus, a, um, adj, (in & 
peritus,) ignorant; unskiljul. 

Imperium, i, n. government; an 
empire; sovereignty: from 

Impero, are, avi, atum, n. & a. 
to condemn; to govern. 

Impetis, abl. impete, f. force; 
power. 

Impetro, are, avi, atum, a. (in 
& patre.) to obtain. 

Impetus, us, ra. violence; an 
attack; force. 

Impius, a, um, adj. (in Scplus,) 
impious. 

Impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to 
fill. 



IMPLORO IMQUITAS. 



205 



Imploro, are, avi, atum, a. (in 
& ploro,) to implore; to en- 
treat. 

Impotens, entis, adj. impotent; 
weak. 

Iraprobas, a, um, adj. (in & 
probus,) ior, issimus, wicked. 

Imptidens, tis, adj. (in & pu- 
dens,) impudent. 

Impugno, are, avi, atum, a. (in 
& pugno,) to fight against. 

In, prep, in; into; over; upon; 
to; for; towards; according to. 

Incendo, ere, di, sum, a. to in- 
flame; to enkindle. 

Incertus, a, um, adj. uncertain. 

Incido, ere, di, sum, n. to fall 
against. 

Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 
(in &L capio,) to begin. 

Incitatus, a, um, adj. brisk; ani- 
mated. 

Inclino, are, avi, atum, n. to 
tend towards. 

Incliido, ere, clusi, clusum, a. 
(in & ciaudo,) to shut up; to 
confine. 

Inclusus,a, um, part, (includo,) 
shut up; confined. 

Inclytus, a, um, adj. famous; 
renowned. 

Incola, as, c. an inhabitant, 

Incredibilis, e, adj. (in & cre- 
dibilis,) incredible. 

Incrementum,\, n. off spririg; seed. 

Incursio, onis, f. (in & curso,) 
an incursion. 

Inde, adv. thence; from thence. 

Independentia, ae, f. indepen- 
dence. 

India, ae, f. India. 

Indico, are, avi, atum, a. (in 
& dico,) to show; to discover. 

Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 

Indigeo, ere, ui, n. (in&cegeo,) 
to need. 

18 



Indigne, adv. m an unworthy 
manner. 

Indignitas, atis, f. (indignus,) 
unworthiness; baseness; mean- 
ness. 

Indoles, is, f. disposition; geni- 
us. 

Industria, ag, f. industry. 

Ineluctabilis, is, adj. irresistible. 

Ineo, ire, ivi, itum, a. to enter 
upon. 

Inertia, ne, f. inactivity; idleness. 

Infans, antis, c. an infant. 

Infectus, a, um, adj. null; un- 
done. 

Infelix, icis, adj. (in & felix,) 
unhappy; wretched. 

Infero, erre, intuli, illatum, a. 
to infer; to bring in. 

Infervescens, entis, from infer- 
vesco, part, growing hot. 

Infestus, a, um, adj. hostile. 

Inf imus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
inferus,) lowest; humblest. 

Infirmitas, atis, f. infirmity. 

Infirmus, a, um, adj. weak; in- 
firm. 

Inflo, are, avi, atum, a. to blow, 
to inflate. 

Infra, prep, beneath; below. 

Ingemisco ^re, emui, a. (in & 
gemo,) to lament. 

Ingenitus, adj. (in & gigno,) 
innate; natural. 

In{:^enium, i, n. genius; abilities. 

Ingens, tis, adj. great; vast; 
immense. 

Ingratus, a, um, adj (in & gra- 
tus,) ungi'ateful. 

Ingredior, gredi, ^ressus, sum, 
dep. (in & gradior,) to enter. 

Inimicitia, ae,t. enmity; hostility. 

InimTcus, a, um, adj. (in & ami- 
cus,) hostile: subs, an enemy. 

Iniquitas, atis, f. (in & sequus,) 
iniquity. 



1206 



INITIUM— 10. 



Initium, i, n. (ineo,) a begin- 
ning. 

Injuria, ae, f. Injury; wrong. 

Injustitia, £e, f. (injustus,) in- 
justice. 

Innocens, tls, adj. (in & no- 
cens,) innocent; harmless. 

Innocentia, ae, f. innocence. 

Innoxius, a, um, adj. innocent. 

Innumerus, a, um, adj. (in & 
numeius,) innumerable. 

Inopia, ae, f, (inops,) want; 
scarcity; dearth. 

Inquam, or Inquio, def. to say. 

Insania, ae, f, (insanus,) mad- 
ness. 

Insanio, _Ire, ivi, itum, a. to 
rage; to rave. 

Insatiabilis, is, e, adj. (in & 
satiabiiis,) insatiable. 

Inscius, a, um, adj. ignorant. 

Insequor, qui, cutus, sum, dep. 
(in & sequor,) to pursue. 

Insideo, ere, edi, essum, n. (in 
& sedo,) to sit upon. 

Insidiae, arum, f. treachery; am- 
buscade. 

Insignis, e, adj. (in & signum,) 
striking; extraordinary; dis- 
tinguished. 

Insipiens, entis, a.dj. foolish. 

Insole ntia, ae, f, insolence. 

Insons, onis, adj. innocent. 

Instituo, ere, ui, titum, a. (in 
& statu o,) to make; to ap- 
point; to establish. 

Institutum. i, n. custom; insti- 
tute. 

Insto, are, stiti, n. (in & sto,) 
to persist. 

Instmmentum, i, n. an insti-u- 
ment. 

Instruo, ere, struxi, structum, 
a. (in & struo,) to equip; to 
Jit out. 

Insula, ae, f, an island. 



Insum, esse, irr. n. to be in; to 
be innate. 

Insuper, adv. (in & super,) 
moreover; over and above. 

Integritas, atis, f. (integer,) 
honesty; probity; integrity. 

Intelligo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. 
(inter & lego,) to understand; 
to perceive. 

Intemperantia, ae, f, intemper- 
ance. 

Inter, prep, among; between. 

Interea, adv. (inter & is,) in the 
mean time. 

Intereo, ire, ii, n. irr. (inter & 
eo,) to perish. 

Interest, interfuit, imp, (inter- 
sum,) it concerns. 

Interficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. 
(inter & facio,) to kill; to 
slay; to murder. 

Interimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. 
to slay. 

Interrogo, are, avi, atum, a. 
inter & rogo,) to ask, 

Intextus, a, um, adj. embroid- 
ered. 

Intra, prep, vnthin. 

Intro, are, avi, atum, a. to en- 
ter. 

Invado, ere, vasi, vasum, a. (in 
&, vado,) to fall upon; to at- 
tack. 

Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, a. 
(in & venio,) to find. 

Investigo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
investigate; to search for. 

Invicem, adv. in turns. 

Invictus, a, nm, adj. invincible^ 

Invideo, ere, idi, isum, n. & a. 
(in & video,) to envy. 

Invidia, ae, f. envy: from 

Invldus, a, um, adj. envious. 

Invitor, ari, atis, sum, dep. to 
invite. 

lo, us, f. lo. 



lONIUS L. 



207 



lonius, a, um, adj. Ionian. | 

lopas. Si, m. lopas. 

Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pro. he; she; 

it; also, I, myself; he, him- 
self, ^c, when ego, tu, ille, 

&c. are understood. 
Ira, 26, f. anger. 
Iracundus, a, um, adj. angry; 

irascible, 
Irascor, i, dep. to be angi-y. 
Iratus, a, um, adj. (irascor,) 

angry; displeased. 
Irretio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. to in- 

snare. 
Irritus, a, um, adj. void; vain. 
Is, ea, id, pro. he; she; it. 
Israel, elis, m. Israel. 
Iste, ista, istud, pro. this; that; 

he; she; it. 
Ita, adv. so. 
Itaque, conj. (ita & que,) and 

so; therefore. 
Iter, itineris, n. a journey, iter 

facere, to go; to march; to 

travel. 
Iterum, adv. again. 
Itur, ibatur, itum est, imp. it 

is scone. 



Jaceo, ere, ui, n. to lie. 

Jacksonius, i, m. Jackson. 

Jacobus, i, m. Jacob; James. 

Jacto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 
(jacio,) to throw; to toss; to 
speak; to utter; to boast of. 

Jactura, ae, f. (jacio,) a loss. 

Jaius, i, m. Jay. 

Jam, adv. now; already. 

Janitor,^oris, m. a Janitor. 

Janua, s, f. a door; a gate. 

Jeffersoriius, i, m. Jefferson. 

Jento, are, avi, atum, a. to 
breakfast. 



Joannes, is, m. John. 

Johnsonius, i, m. Johnson. 

Josephus, i, m. Joseph. 

Jovis. See Jupiter. 

Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a. to 
command; to order. 

Jucundus, a, um, adj. ior, is- 
simus, sweet; delightful; plea- 
sant. 

Judex, icis, m. a judge. 

Judicium, i, n. (judex,) a 
judgement; an opinion. 

Judico, are, avi, atum, a. (ju- 
dex,) to judge; to think. 

Julia, ae, f, Julia. 

Julius, i, m. July; Julius. 

Jumentum, i, n. a beast of bur- 
den. 

Juno, onis, f, Juno, the wife of 
Jupiter. 

Jupiter, Jovis, m. Jupiter, the 
king of gods and men, accor- 
ding to the Grecian and Ro- 
man mythology. 

Juro, are, avi, atum, n. to 
swear. 

Jus, juris, n. right; law. 

Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. 
(jus & jurandum,) an oath. 

Jussus, a. um, part, (jubeo.) 

Justitia, ae, f. justice: from 

Justus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
proper; right; just. 

Juvat, abat, imp. it delights. 

Juvenis, adj. junior, minimus, 
natu, young. 

Juventus, us,f. (juvenis,) youth; 
the youth. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a. to aid; 
to assist. 

Juxta, prep, near to; hard by. 



L., an abbreviation of Lucius. 



208 



LABENS— LEXINGTOMExVSIS. 



Labens,part.from labor, falling. 

Labor, oris, m. labor; trouble. 

Labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep. 
to fall. 

Laboro, are, avi, atum, a. to 
labor. 

Lac, tis, n. milk. 

Lacedsemon, 6nis. m. Lacedce- 
mon. 

Lacedcemonius, a, um, adj. La- 
cedemonian; subs, a Lacede- 
monian. 

Lacer, a, um, adj. torn. 

Lacero, are, avi, atuin, a. to 
tear; to tear in pieces. 

Lacryma, se, f. a tear. 

Laedo, ere, di, sum, a. ta injvre; 
to offend. 

Lastor, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
rejoice. 

Lsetus, a, um, did}. Joyful; glad. 

Leeva, ae, f. the left hand. 

Lamento, are, avi, atum, a. to 
lament; to bewail. 

Lampas, adis, f. a torch; a 
lamp. 

Lana, ae, f. wo@l. 

Lancea, se, f. a lance; a spear. 

Lanio, are, avi, atum, a. to 
tear in pieces. 

Lanium, i, n. a butchefs stall. 

Laocoon, onis, m. Laocoon. 

Lapis, Idis, m. a stone. 

Lar, is, m. a household deity; a 
dwelling. 

Largiter, adv. copiously; large- 
ly. 

Latex, icis, m. a cup; a bowl. 

Latium, i, n. Latium. 

Latro, are, avi, atum, n. to 
bark. 

Latro, onis, m. a robber. 

Latus, a, um, adj. broad. 

Laudo, are, avi, atum, a.(laus,) 
to praise; to extol. 

Laurens, entis, m. Laurens. 



Laurus, i, & us, f. the laurel. 

Laus, laudis, f. praise; glory. 

Lavo, are, vi, laatura, lotum, 
or lavatum, a. to wash. 

Leaena, ae, f. a lioness. 

Leander, dri, m. Leander. 

Lectio, onis, f. a lesson; a read- 
ing. 

Lectus, i, m. a couch; a bed. 

Legatus, i, m. a lieutenant; an 
ambassador; a delegate; a 
major. 

Legio, onis, f. a legion; a troop. 

Legionarius, a, um, adj. of a 
legion or troop: legionarius 
dux, a brigadier-general. 

Lego, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
pute; to send. 

Lego, ere, legi, ledum, a. to 
collect; to pick up; to read. 

Lenio, ire, ivi, Itum, a. (lenis,) 
to mitigate; to assuage. 

Lenis, is, e, adj. wAld; gentle, 

Lenitas, atis, f. (lenis,) mild- 
ness; gentleness. 

Leniter, adv. (lenis,) mildly; 
kindly. 

Leo, onis, m. a lion. 

Leonidas, ae, m. Leonidas, a 
king of the Lacedemonians. 

Lepidiis, i, m. Lepidus. 

Lepus, 6ris, m. a hare. 

Lethus, i, m. death. 

Letifer, a, um, adj. death-bear' 
ing; deadly. 

Letum, i, n. death. 

Levis, e,adj.ior, issiraus, STW-aZZ; 
trifling; light. 

Levitas, atis, f. (levis,) light- 
ness; levity. 

Levo, are, avi. atum, a. (levis,) 
to allay. 

Lex, legis, f. a law. 

Lexingtonia, as, f. Lexington. 

Lexingtoniensis, adj. of Lex^ 



LIBENTER MACIES 



209 



Libenter, adv. willingly. 

Liber, era, erum, didj. free. 

Liber, bri, m. a book. 

Liberalis, is, e, adj. liberal. 

Libere, adv. (liber,) freely; 
without constraint. 

Liberi, orum, m. (liber,) chil- 
dren. 

Libero, are, avi, atum, a. (li- 
ber,) to free; to deliver. 

Libertas, atis, t (liber,) liberty 

Libertus, i, m. a freed man. 

Libet, libuit, or libitum, est 
imp. it pleases. 

Libra, ae, f. a balance; a pound; 
the constellation Libra. 

Libya, se, f. Libya. 

Licet, licuit, &, licitum est,imp. 
it is permitted. 

Licet, adv. although. 

Lictor, oris, m. a lictor. 

Lignator, oris, m. a woodman. 

Lilium, i, n. a lily. 

Limen, inTs, n. a threshold. 

Liraus, i, m. mud. 

Lingua, se, f. a tongue; a lan- 
guage. 

Linquo, ere, liqui, lictum, a. to 
leave. 

Linum, i, n.flax; linen. 

Liquefactus, part from lique- 
fio, melted. 

Litera, ag, f. a letter: pi. an 
epistle or letter. 

Literarius, a, um, adj. literary. 

Loctiples, etis, adj. ior, issimus, 
rich; ample; sure. 

Locus, i, m. pi. loci, m. &loca, 
n. a place. 

Locusta, ffi, f. a locust. 

Londinum, i, n. London. 

Longaevus, um, adj. (longus & 
aevum,) age; old. 

Longe, adv, long; far. 

Longitudo, inis, f. length; lon- 
gitude. 

18* 



Longus, a, um, adj. long; last- 
ing. 

Loquor, loqui, locutus, sum, 
dep. to speak; to talk; to con- 
verse. 

Luceo, ere, luxi, n. (lux,) to 
shine. 

Lucidus, a, um, adj. clear; lu- 
cid. 

Lucius, i, m. Lucius. 

Lucrum, i, n. gain; advan- 
tage. 

Luctus, lis, m. (lugeo,) grief. 

Lucullus, i, m. Lucullus. 

Lucus, i, m. a grove. 

Ludo, ere, lusi, lusum, n. to 
play. 

Ludovicus, i, m. Louis. 

Ludus, i, m. (ludo,) play; 
game. 

Lugeo, ere, xi, n. & a. to mourn 
for; to lament. 

Luna, se, f. the moon. 

Lumen, inis, n. (lux,) light. 

Lupa, se, f. a she-wolf. 

Lupus, i, m.a wolf 

Luscinia, se, f. a nightingale. 

Lustro, are, avi, atum, a. to ex- 
amine. 

Lusus, us, m. (ludo,) play; 
sport. 

Lutetia, ss, f. Paris. 

Lutam, i, n. mud; clay. 

Lux, lucis, f. light. 

Lydia, se. f. Lydia. 

Lydus, i, m. a Lydian. 

Lyra, se, f. a lyre; a harp. 

Lyricus, a, um, adj. lyric. 

Lysander, i, m. Lysander. 

M. 

M., ail abbreviation of JMarcus. 
Macedonia, se, f. Macedonia, 
Macies, ei, f. leanness. 



SlO 



MACILENTUS MCXOMAS. 



Macilentus, a, um, adj. (maci- 
es,) lean. 

Macto,are,avi, atum, a. to slay. 

Maecenas, sd,m. 3fcecenas. 

Madeo, ere, ui, n. to be wet. 

Madisonius, i, ra. Madison. 

Magicus, a, um, adj. magical. 

Magis, adv. sup. maxime, 
more. 

Magister, ri, ra. a master; a 
keeper. 

Magistratus, us, m. (magister,) 
magistrate; magistracy. 

Magnanimilas, atis, f. mag- 
nanimity. 

Magnanimus, a, um, adj. mag- 
nanimous. 

Magnes, etis, m. the loadstone; 
adamant. 

Magnificus, a, um, adj. grand; 
magnificent. 

Magniloquus, a, um, adj. prouc?; 
grandiloquent. 

Magnitudo, inis, f. magnitude; 
greatness; size: from 

Magnus, a, um, adj. major, 
maximus, great; large. 

Majestas, atis, f. majesty; power. 

Major, oris, m. a major. 

Major, us, oris, adj. greater. 
See Magnus. 

Majores, um, m. pi. ancestors. 

Male, adv. (malus,) badly. 

Maledicus, a, um, adj. evil- 
speaking; calumnious. 

Malo, malle, malui, irr. n. (ma- 
gis & volo,) to prefer; to 
choose rather. 

Malum, i, n. an evil; misfor- 
tune: from 

Malus, a, um, adj. bad; wicked; 
evil. 

Mandatum, i, n. (mando,) or- 
der; command; an injunction. 

Mando, are, avi, atum, a. to 
command. 



Mane, adv. in the morning. 

Maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. 
to stay; to remain. 

Manifestus, a, um, adj. clear; 
evident. 

Manlius, i, m. Manlius. 

Mansuefaciendus, a, um, part, 
from mansuefacio; rendered 
tame. 

Manus, us, f. a hand. 

Marcellus, i, m. Marcellus. 

Marcus, i, m. Marcus. 

Mare, is, n. the sea. 

Margarita, ae, f. a pearl. 

Maria, ae, f. Mary; Maria. 

Marinus, a, um, adj. marine; of 
the sea. 

Marion, onis, m. Manon. 

Marius, m. Marius. 

Maro, onis, m. Maro. 

Marshallus, i, m. Marshall. 

Martha, se, f. Martha. 

Marylandia, ae, f. Maryland. 

Marylandicus, a, um, adj. of 
Maryland. 

Massachutensis, adj. of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Mater, tris, f. a mother. 

Mathematicus, a, um, adj. of 
the Mathematics. 

Mathematicus, i, m. a Mathe- 
matician. 

Matrimonium, i, n. (mater,) 
marriage. 

Mattiro, are, avi, atum, n. to 
hasten: from 

Maturus, a, um, adj. ripe. 

Mausoleon, i, n. a Mausoleon. 

Mausolus, i, m. Mausolus. 

Maxilla, ae, f. a jaw bone. 

Maxime, adv. very greatly. See 
Magis. 

Maximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
magnus,) greatest; very great: 
maximus natu, oldest. 

Mc'Comas, ae, m. Mc' Comas. 



mc'henricus — Mixvro. 



211 



Mc'Henricus, a, um, adj. of 
Mc'Henry. 
# Mechanicus, a, um, adj. me- 
chanical. 

Medallum, i, n. a medal. 

Medicabilis, adj. (medeor,) cit- 
rable. 

Medicina, se, f. medicine. 

Medicus, i, m. (medeor,) a 
physician. 

Meditor, ari, atus, sum, dep. 
to think; to meditate;to intend. 

Medius, a, um, adj. midst: subs. 
the middle; the midst. 

Medus, i, m. a Mede. 

Megara. ag, f. Megara. 

Melior, adj. compar. of bonus; 
better. 

Melius, adv. better'. See Bene. 

Membrum, i, n. a limb. 

Memini, pret. Iremember. 

Memor, oris, adj. (memini,) 
mindful. 

Memorabilis, adj. memorable. 

Memoria, ae, f. (memor,) me- 
mory; recollection. 

Memoro, are, avi, atum, a. to 
relate; to tell. 

Mendacium, i, n. (mendax,) a 
falsehood . 

Mendax, acis, adj. lying: subs, 
a liar. 

Menelaus, i, m. Menelaus. 

Menkares, is, m. Menkares. 

Mens, lis, f. the mind. 

Mensa, aj, f. a table. 

Mensis, is, m. a month. 

Mentio, onis, f. mention. 

Mercator, oris, m. (mercor,) a 
merchant. 

Mercor, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
purchase. 

Mercurius, i, m. Mercury, the 
messenger of the gods. 

Merito, adv. (meritus,) de- 
servedly. 



Meritum, i, n. (meritus, )men7; 
kindness; benefit; favor. 

Mersus, a, um, part, (mergo.) 
immersed. 

Merum, i, n. pure wirie. 

Merx, cis,f. merchandise; goods. 

Messis, is, f. a harvest. 

Messor, oris, m. a reaper. 

Methuselaeus, i, m. Methuselah. 

Metropolis, is, f. a metropolis. 

Metuo, ere, ui, a. to fear: from 

Metus, us, m.fear. 

Meus, a, um, pro. mine. 

Mexico, onis, f. Mexico. 

Mi, voc. of meus. 

Mico, are, avi, atum, n. to 
shine. 

Midas, SB, m. Midas. 

Mifflinius, i, m. Mifflin. 

Migro, are, avi, atum, n. to emi- 
grate. 

Miles, itis, c. a soldier. 

Militaris, adj. (miles,) military 

Mille, num. adj. ind. a thousand. 

Millesimus, a, um, adj. of a 
thousand. 

Milliarium, i, n. (mille,) a 
mile. 

Milo, onis, m. Milo. 

Miitonius, i, m. Milton, the poet. 

Milvus, i, m. a kite. 

Mina, ae, f. a threat. 

Minerva, oe, f. Minerva. 

Minime, adv. (sup. of parum,) 
least; by no means. 

Minimus, a, um, adj. sup. (par- 
vus,) least: minimus or natu 
minimus, youngest. 

Minister, tri, m. a servant; 
minister. 

Ministerium, i, n. service; du- 
ty ;^ office. 

Ministro, are, avi, atum, a. to 
minister to; to afford. 

Minuo, ere, ui, utum, a. to les- 
sen; to diminish. 



212 



MINUS MORTALITAS. 



Minus, adv. (comp. of parum,) 
less: after quo, not. See 
Quo. 

Mirabseus, i, m. Mirabeau. 

Mirabilis, adj. (miror,) won- 
derful. 

MiracLilum, i, n. (miror,) a 
miracle. 

Miror, ari, atus sum, dep. to 
wonder; to admire; to be as- 
tonished. 

Mirus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 

Misceo, ere, cui, mixtum, a. to 
mix; to mingle. 

Miser, era, erum, adj. misera- 
ble; u? fortunate. 

Miserabilis,adj. (miser,)misera- 
ble. 

Miserandus, a, um, part, (mi- 
seror,) to be pitied. 

Misereor, eri, eritus or ertus 
sum, dep. (miser,) to pity. 

Miseresco, ere, miserui, a. (mi- 
ser,) to pity. 

Misericordia, se, f. (miser,) 
mercy; pity. 

Miseror, ari, atus, sum, dep. 
(miser,) to deplore; to pity. 

MisSret, miseruit, miseritum, 
imp. to pity: me miseret, / 
pity. 

Misi. See Mitto. 

Mississippiensis, adj. of the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Missus, a, um, part, (mitto,) 
sent. 

Mitis, (J, adj. ior, issimus, ?7ii7<i; 
kind; humane; ripe. 

Mitto, ere, misi. missum, a. to 
send. 

Mobilitas, atis, f. (mobilis,) 
pliancy. 

Modestus, a, um, adj. modest. 

Modicu3,a,um, adj. Utile; small; 
moderate. 

Modius, i, m. a bushel. 



Modus, i, m. measure; manner. 

Mcechor, ari, atus, sum, dep. 
to commit adultery. 

Mcenia, um, pi. n. walls; ram- 
parts. 

Mcereo, ere, ui, n. & a. to 
mourn. 

Mceror, oris, m. grief ; sorrow. 

McEslitia, bb, f. (mcestus,) sad- 
ness; grief. 

Moleo, ere, ui, a. to grind. 

Molestia, se, f. a trouble. 

Molestus, a, um, adj. trouble- 
some. 

Molior, iri, itus, sum, dep. to 
direct; to wield. 

Mollis, e, adj. ior, issimus, soft. 

Momordi. See Mordeo. 

Moneo, ere, ui, itum, a. to ad- 
monish; to teach; to advise. 

Monitum, i, n. (moneo,) admo- 
nition; warning. 

Monrovius, i, m. Monroe. 

Mods, lis, m. a mountain. 

Montgomerius, m. Montgomery. 

Montanus, a, um, adj. moun- 
tain. 

Monumentum, i, n. (moneo,) a 
monument. 

Mora, 36, f. delay. 

Moravianus, a um, adj. Mora* 
vian. 

Morbus, i, m. a disease. 

Mordecaius, i, m. Mordecaius. 

Mordeo, ere, momordi, mor- 
sum, a. to bite. 

Morganus, i, m. Morgan. 

Morior, mori, rarely moriri, 
mortuus sum, dep. (mors,) to 
die. 

Moriturus, a.um,part.(morior.) 

Mors, tis, f, death. 

Mortalis, e, adj. (mors,) mor- 
tal: subs, a mortal. 

Mortalitas, atis, f. (mors,) rnor* 
tality; death. 



MORTUUS NEFAS. 



213 



Mortuus, a, um, part, (morior,) 

dead. 
Mos, moris, m. manner; way; 

morals. 
Moses, is, m. Moses. 
Motus, us, m. motion. 
Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. to 

move; to remove. 
Mox, adv. soon; immediately. 
Mulceo, ere, si, sum, a. io 

soothe, 
Muliebris, is, e, adj. womanish; 

of a woman. 
Mulier, eris, f. a woman. 
Multiludo, Tnis, f. (mullus,) a 

multitude; the multitude. 
Multo. adv. much: from 
Mullum, adv. comp. plus, sup. 

plurimum, much. 
Multus, a, um, adj. many; 

much. 
Mummius, i, m. Mummius. 
Mundus, i, m. the world. 
Munificus, a, um, adj. (munus 

& facio,) liberal. 
Munimentum, i, m. (munio,) a 

fortification. 
Munio, ire, ivi, itum, n. & a. 

to defend; to fortify. 
Munus, eris, n. an office; a pre- 
sent. 
Murus, i, m. a wall. 
Mus, muris, m. & f . a mouse. 
Musa, se, f. the muse. 
Musca, ae, f. a fly. 
Muscuius, i, m. a little mouse. 
Musica,ae, & Musice,es,f.music. 
Muto,are,avi, atum,a.^o change 
Mutus, a. um, adj. mute; silent. 
Myrtus, i, f. myrtle. 
Mythologia, ae, f. Mythology. 

Nam, & Namque, conj. /or. 



Napoleon, cms, m. Napoleon. 
Narro, are, avi, atum, a. to tell; 

to relate, 
Nascor, i, natus sum, dep. to he 

horn. 
Nathaniel, elis, m. Nathaniel. 
Nato, are, avi, atum, n. to 

swim. 
Natu, m. (nascor,) used in the 

ablative singular only, hy 

hirth; in age. 
Natura, ae, f. (nascor,) naiwre; 

disposition; constitution. 
Natus, a, um, part, (nascor,) 

born: decem annos natus, ten 

years old. 
Nauta, ae, m. a sailor. 
Na vails, e, adj. (navis,) naval. 
Navarchus, i, m. a master or 

owner of a ship. 
Navigium, i, n. (navis,) a littk 

ship. 
NavTgo, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 

(navis & ago,) to navigate; to ♦ 

sail. 
Navis, is, f. a vessel; a ship. 
Navita, ae, m. (navis,) a sailor, 
Ne, adv. & conj. not; that not; 

lest. 
Ne, enclitic conj. in indirect 

questions, whether; in direct 

questions it is not translated. 
Nebula, ae, f. a cloud; a vapor. 
Nee, or Neque, conj. (ne & 

que,) and not; but not; nor. 
Necdum, adv. (nee & dum,) 

and not yet; hut not yet. 
Necesse, adj. ind. necessary. 
NecessTtas, atis, f. (necesse,) 

necessity. 
Necne, adv. or not. 
Neco, are, avi, atum, a. to slay. 
Nefandus, a, um, adj. (nefas,) 

wicked. 
Nefas, n. indec. wickedness; 

crime. 



?i4 



NEGLIGO NULLUS. 



Negligo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. 

(nee & lego,) to neglect. 
Nego, are, avi, atum, a, to 

deny. 
Negotium, i, n. (nee & otium,) 

business; employment; a thing. 
Nemo, inis, c. (ne&homo,) no 

one; no body. 
Nemus, 5ris, n. a wood; grove. 
J^epos, otis, m. a grandson. 
Neptunus, i, m, Neptune, the 

brother of Jupiter, and god of 

the sea. 
Nequaqaam, adv. by no means. 
Neque. See Nee. 
Nequeo, ire, ivi & ii, itum, irr. 

n. (ne &. queo,) not to be 

able; I cannot. 
Nereis, idis, f, a. Nereid. 
Nerine, es, f. Nerine. 
Nero, onis, m. Nero. 
Nervus, i, m. a nerve; a string. 
Nescio, ire, Ivi, itum, a, (ne & 

scio,) to be ignorant; not to 

know. 
Nescius, a, um, adj. (ne & sci- 

us,) ignorant. 
Neuter, tra, trum, adj. neither. 
Nex, riecis, f. death. 
Nexo, ere, ui, um, a. to join; to 

attack. 
Nidus, i, m. a nest. 
Niger, ra, rum, adj. black. 
Nigresco, ere, ui, n. (niger,) to 

grow black. 
Nihil, &, Nil, ind. n. nothing: 

nihil boni, no advantage. 
Nilus, i, ra. the Nile. 
Nimium, adv. too; too much: 

from 
Nimius, a, um, adj. (nimis,) 

too much;excessive;very great. 
Nisi,conj.(ne&si,)u?iZess;exce/?^. 
Nisus, i, m. Nisus. 
Niteo, ere, ui, n. to shine; to 

appear beautiful. 



Nitidus, a, um, adj. (niteo.) 
shining; beautiful. 

Nitratus, a, um, adj. (nitrum,) 
nitrous: pulvis nitratus, gun- 
powder. 

Nix, nivis, f. snow. 

No, are, avi, atum, n. to 
swim. 

Nobilis, adj. noble; grand. 

Nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis,) the 
nobility. 

Nobilito, are, avi, atum, a. (no- 
bilis,) to ennoble. 

Nocens, adj. & part, hurtful; 
guilty; injuring. 

Noceo, ere, ui, itum, a. to hurt; 
to injure; to impair. 

Nocturnus, a, um, adj. (nox,) 
nocturnal. 

Nodosus, a, um, adj. (nodus,) 
knotty; knotted. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be 
unwilling; I will not. 

Nomen, inis, n. a name: nomi- 
ne, on account of; for the 
sake of. 

Nomino, are, avi, atum, a. (no- 
men,) to call; to name. 

Non, adv. not. 

Nondum, adv. (non &; dum,) 
710/ as yet. 

Nonne, adv. (non & ne,) not, 

Nonus, a, um, adj. ninth. 

Noster, tra, trum. pro. our. 

Notitia, ae, f. (nosco,) notice; 
knowledge. 

Novem, num, adj. ind. nine. 

No vitas, atis, f. novelty: from 

Novus, a, um, adj. new. 

Nox, noctis, f. night. 

Noxius, a, um, adj. (noxa,) 
hurtful. 

Nubes, is, f. a cloud. 

Nudo, are, avi, atum, a. (nu- 
dus,) to deprive 

Nuilus, a, um, adj. no; no one. 



NUM OFFERO. 



215 



Num, adv. in indirect questions, 
whether. 

Numa, ae, m, Numa. 

Numantia, se, f. Numantia. 

Numen, Xnis, n. (nuo,) a deity; 
a god. 

Numero, are, avi, atum, a. to 
count: from 

Num ems, i, m. a number. 

Numidae, arum, m. pi. the Nu- 
midians, a people of Africa. 

Nummus, i,m. a piece of money. 

Nunc, adv. now. 

Nuncio, are, avi, atum, a. to an- 
nounce; to tell; to report; to 
make known: from 

Nuncius, i, m. news; tidings; a 
messenger. 

Nunquam,adv. (ne &unquam,) 
never. 

Nuper, adv. lately. 

Nusquam, adv. (ne & usquara.) 
no where. 

Nutrio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to nour- 
ish. 

Nutrix, Icis, f. a nurse. 

Nux, ucis, f. a nut. 

Nympha, ae, f. a Nymph. 

O, 

O, int. 0! 

Ob, prep./o?*; on account of. 

Obedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. (ob & 

audio,) to obey. 
Obeo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, a. & 

n. irr. (ob & eo,^ to die. 
Obitus, us, n. (ooeo,) death; 

departure. 
Obliquus, a, um, adj. oblique; 

crooked. 
Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. 

to forget. 
Obsecro, are, avi, atum, a. (ob 

& sacro,) to entreat. 



Obsequor, ui, cuius sum, dep. 

to follow; to humor. 
Observo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob 

& servo,) to observe. 
Obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, a. 

(ob & sedo,) to beset; to fill. 
Obsidio,onis,t (obsideo,) a szeg-«. 
Obtrunco, are, avi, atum, a. 

(ob & truncus,) to be-head; 

to slay. 
Obviam, adv. (obvius,) to meet. 
Obvius, a, um, adj. (ob & via,) 

meeting; obvious. 
Occasio, onis, f. (occldo,) oc- 
casion; opportunity. 
Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob 

& caedo,) to kill; to slay. 
Occisus, a, um, part, (occido,) 

slain. 
Occupo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

occupy; to seize. 
Oceanus, i, m. the ocean. 
Octavus,a.um,adj.(octo,)€ig-ft/A. 
Octingentesimus, adj. (octo & 

centum,) eight hundredth. 
Octo, adj. indecl. eight. 
October, ris, m. October. 
Octodecem, adj. (octo & de- 
cern, ) eighteen. 
Octoginta, adj. eighty. 
Octo^esimns, a y\im, fid j. eightieth. 
Octilus, i, m. an eye. 
Odi, pret. 1 hate. 
Odiosus, a, um, adj. (odi,) of' 

fensive; hateful. 
Odium, i, n. hatred; odium. 
Odor, oris, m. smell; odor; scent, 
Odoratus, us, m. (odor,) smell; 

smelling. 
Odoror, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 

scent; to smell. 
Offendo, 6 re, fendi, fensum, n. 

& di.to come upon;to meet with. 
Offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 

a. irr. (ob h fero,) to offer; to 

present. 



216 



OFFICIO PALLIDUS. 



Officio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (ob 
& facio,) to hinder; to ob- 
struct; to hurt. 

Officium, i, n. (obSt facio,) du- 
ty; office. ^ 

Ohiensis, adj. of Ohio. 

Ohio, onis, f. Ohio. 

Olim, adv. once ; formerly ; here- 
after; afterwards. 

Olympicus, a, urn, adj. Olymp- 
ic. 

Olympus, i, m. Olympus, a 
mountain. 

Omen, inis, n. an omen; a sipi. 

Omnino, adv. (omnTs,) at all. 

Omnis, e, adj. all; every. 

Onero are, avi, alum, a. (onus,) 
to load. 

Onerosus, adj. (onus,) burden- 
some. 

Onus, eris, n. a load; a burden. 

Opera, se, f. labor; sei-vice. 

Opinio, onis, f. opinion; fancy. 

Opis, gen. (from obsolete ops,) 
f. aid; assistance; wealth. 

Opptium, i, n. a town. 

Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, 
a. (ob & premo,) to subdue; 
to destroy; to oppress; to over- 
throw. 

Oppugno, are, avi, atum, a. 
(ob & pugno,) to oppose. 

Opsoniura, i, n. victuals; food. 

Optimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
bonus,) best. 

Opto, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
sire. 

Opulentus, a, um, adj. (ops.) 
rich. 

Opus, eris, n. a work; an em- 
ployment. 

Opus, ind. subs. need. 

Ora, se, f. a border. 

Oratio, onis, f. (oro,) an ora- 
tion; a speech. 

Orator,oris, m. (oro,) an orator. 



Orbis, is, m a circle; the world 

Orbo, are, avi, atum, a. to de 
prive: from 

Orbus, a, um, adj. orphan; be- 
reft. 

Ordo, inis, m. a row; a line. 

Orgetorix, igis, m. Orgetorix. 

Orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep. to 
rise; to spring. 

Ornamentum, i, n. an ornament. 

Ornithoboscion, i, n. a hen- 
coop. 

Orno, are, avi, atum, a. to adorn. 

Oro, are, avi, atum, a. to ask; 
to request; to crave; to beg. 

Orpheus, ei, & eos, m. Orpheus. * 

Ortus, us, m. a rising. 

Ortus, a, um, part, (orior,) 
sprung; descended. 

Os, oris, n. the mouth; the face. 

Os, ossis, n. a bone. 

Osctilor, ari, atus sum dep. 
(osculum,) to kiss. 

Ostendo, ere, tendi, tensum & 
tentum, a. (ob & tendo,) to 
show. 

Ostium, i, D. a port; a strait; a 
sea. 

Ostrinus, a, um, adj. of purple. 

Otho, onis, m. Otho. 

Otiosus, a, um, adj. (otium,) 
idle. 

Otium, i, n. inactivity, 

Ovis, is, f. a sheep. 



Pabulum, i, n. (pasco,) pas- 
ture; fodder; food. 

Pactus, a, um, adj. arranged; 
agreed. 

Palatium, i, n. a palace. 

Palla, dd, f a cloak. 

Pallas, adis, f. Minerva. 

Pallidus, a, um, adj. pale. 



PALLIUM PENNSYLVANIENSIS. 



217 



Pallium, i, n. ammdle. 

Palma, se, f. a palm: victory, 

Palus, udis, f. a marsh; a pool. 

Palustris, is, e, adj. (palus,) 
swampy. 

Pan, Panis, m. Pan. 

Pando, ere, di, passum or pan- 
sum, a. to open, 

Panis, is, m. bread. 

Par, paris, adj. equal; subs, a 
match. 

Paradisus, i, f. Paradise. 

Paratus, a, um, part. & adj. 
prepared; ready, 

Parcae, arum, f. the Fates. 

Parco, ere, peperci or parsi, n. 
to spare: from 

Parous, a, um, ^.d], frugal. 

Pairens, entis, c. a parent, 

Pareo, ere, ui, a. to obey. 

Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a. 
tc produce; to beget; to ob- 
tain. 

Paris, idis, m. Paris. 

Pariter, adv. in like manner. 

Paro, are, avi, atum, a. to pre- 
pare; to equip; to Jit out; to 
obtain. 

Parricidium, i, n. parricide. 

Pars, tis, f. apart; a portion; a 
share: pi. partes, a region. 

Parthi, orum, m, pi. the Par- 
thians, a people of Asia. 

Parum, comp. minus, sup. mi- 
nime, adv. little. 

Parumper, adv. awhile; for a 
short time. 

Parvulus, a, um, adj. dim.small; 
little: from 

Parvus, a, um, adj. small; mean: 
subs, parvum, a little. 

Pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, a. & 
Pascor, i, pastus sum, dep. to 
feed; to pasture; to eat. 

Pastor, oris, m. (pasco,) a shep- 
herd, 

19 



Patapsco, onis, m.. the Paiapsco. 
Patefio, ieri, factus sum, n. 

pass, to lie open. 
Pateo, ere, ui, n. to lie open. 
Pater, tris, m. a father. 
Patera, se, f. (pateo,) a goblet, 
Patiens, tis, part. & 2idj. patient: 

from 
Patior, i, passus sum, dep. to 

suffer; to endure, 
Patria, ae, f. (pater,) one^s na- 
tive country; country, 
Paucus, a, um, adj,/ei^; a few. 
Paulatim, adv. by degrees. 
Paulo, adv. (paulus,) a little. 
Paululum, adv. a Utile. 
Pauper, eris, adj. ^oor. 
Paupertas, atis, f. poverty. 
Pausanias, ae, m. Pausanias. 
Pavidus, a, um, adj. fearful. 
Pavimentum, i, n. a pavement. 
Pavo, onis, m. a peacock, 
Pavor oris, m. (paveo,) fear; 

alarm. 
Pax, pacis, f. peace, 
Peccatum, i, n. a fault: from 
Pecco, are, avi, atum, a. to err; 

to commit a fault or mistake. 
Pectus, oris, n. the breast; the 

mind. 
Pecunia, se, f. money: from 
Pecus, oris, n. &, udis, f, a 

flock. 
Pellicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. to 

entice; to seek to eiitice. 
Pellis, is, f. a skin. 
Pello, 6re, pepuli, pulsum, a. to 

drive away; to banish;io rout. 
Pendeo,ere, pependi, n. to hang. 
Penes, prep, in possession of; 

with. 
Penna, se, f. a feather; a pen. 
Pennsylvania, se, f. Pennsyl- 
vania. 
Pennsylvaniensis, adj. Penn- 

sylvanian. 



21S 



PENURIA PHILO. 



Penuria, se, f. penury; want. 
Per, prep, through; hy; hy means 

of; during; for. 
Perago, ere, egi, actum, a. (per 

& ago,) to finish. 
Peragro, are, avi, atum, a. to 

travel over. 
Percutio, ere, ssi, ssum, a. (per 

& quatio,) to strike. 
Perdiccas, ee, m. Perdiccas. 
Perditus, a, um, pari, ruined; 

undone: from 
Perdo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (per 

& do,) to destroy. 
Peregrinor, ari, atus sum, dep. 

to stray; to wander. 
Perennis, adj. (per & annus,) 

perennial; lasting. 
Pereo, ire, ivi, peritum, n. (per 

& eo,) to perish. 
Perfero, ferre, ttlli, latum, a. 

irr. (per & ferre,) to bear; to 

carry. 
Perficio, 6re, feci, fectum, a. 

(per & facio,) to cause; to 

perform. 
Perfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. 

to shed. 
Periidia, as, f. perfidy. 
Perfringo, €re, fre^i, fractum, a. 

to break. 
Perfugio, ere, i, itum, a. to fly; 

to avoid. 
Pergo, ere, perrexi, perrec- 

tum, n. to persevere. 
Periculum, i, n. a trial; danger; 

peril. 
Perltus, a, um, adj. skilled in; 

skilful. 
Perlustro, are, avi, atum, a. 

(per and lustro,) to travel 

through; to traverse. 
Permitto, ere, misi, missum, a. 

(per & mitto,) to permit; to 

allow. 
Pernicies, eij f. ruin. 



Pernicitas, atis, f. (pernix,) 

swiftness. 
Perpetuus, a, um,adj.^er/?dW. 
Persse, arum, m. pi. the Per- 

sians. 
Persepolis, is, f. Persepolis. 
Persequor, i, cutus sum, dep. 

(per & sequor,) to follow; to 

pursue. 
Persevero, are, avi, atum, act. 

to persevere; to persist. 
Persicus, a, um, adj. Persian. 
Persona, se, f. a person. 
Perspicuus, a, um, didj. plain; 

evident. 
Persuadeo, ere, si, sum, a. (per 

(& suadeo,) to persuade. 
Perturbattis, a, um, part, from 
Perturbo, are, avi atum, a. (per 

& turbo,) to disturb; to trou- 
ble. 
Pervenio, Ire, eni, entum, n. 

(per & venio,) to come. 
Pervigilis, adj. (per & vigilis,) 

very watchful. 
Pervilis, adj. (per &vilis,) very 

woHhless. 
Pes, pedis, m. afoot. 
Pessimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 

malus,)rer2/ mischievous; very 

bad. 
Peto, ere, ivi, itum, a. to ask; 

to seek; to go to; to travel to, 
Petrus, i, m. Peter. 
Pharao, onis, m. Pharaoh. 
Philadelphia, ae, f. Philadelphia. 
Philanthropicus, adj. philan- 
thropic: subs, a philanthro- 
pist. 
Philippi, orum, f. pi. Philippi, 
Philippus, i, m. Philip. 
Philistaeus, i, m. Philistceus, a 

Philistian. 
Philistus, i, m. Philistus. 
Philo, onis, m. Philo, a Grecian 

Philosopher. 



PHILOSOPHIA POSTULO. 



219 



Philosophia, ae, f. Philosophy. 
Philosophus, i, m. a philosopher. 
Phoenix, icis, m. a Ph(2nix. 
Pictor, oris, m. a painter. 
Pietas, atis, f. piety. 
Piger, gra, grum, adj. slothful; 



Pilum, i, n. a javelin. 
Pincerna, se, m. a cup-bearer; a 

butler. 
Pinguis, e, ad^.fat. 
Pinus, As, & i, f. a pine. 
Piraeus, f. the Pirceus. 
Piscis, is, m. a fish. 
Pius, a, um, did}, pious. 
Placeo, ere, ui, itum, n. to 

please; to be agreeable. 
Plaga, se, f. a net. 
Planctus, us, m. (plango,) la- 
mentation; wailing. 
Plango, ere, anxi, auctum, a. to 

lament. 
Planities, ei, f. (planus,) a 

plain. 
Planta, ae, f. plant. 
Planto, are, avi, atum, a. to 

plant. 
Planus, a, um, adj. level; plain. 
Plato, onis, m. Plato. 
Plenus, a, um, did], fall. 
Plerumque, adv. for the most 

part. 
Plerusque, aque, umque, adj. 

most; the most; the greatest 

part. 
Ploro, are, avi, atum,n. & a. to 

lament. 
Plumbum, i, n. lead. 
Plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 

mu Itus, ) very much;very many; 

most. 
Plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of 

multus,) more; higher, 
Pluteus, i, m. a desk. 
PI u via, ae, f. rain. 
Pluvius, a, um, adj. rainy. 



Poculum, i, n. a bowl. 
Poema, alis,'n. a poem. 
Poena, ae, f. punishment. 
Poeni, 6 rum, m. pi. the Cartha^ 

ginians. 
Poeniteo, ere, ui, n. to repent. 
Poeta, ae, m. a poet. 
Polonicus, a, um, adj. Polish. 
Pompeius, i, m. Pompey, a dis- 
tinguished Roman general, 
Pomum, i, n. an apple. 
Pondus, eris, n. weight. 
Pone, prep, behind. 
Pono, ere, posui, positum, a. to 

place; to set: castra, to pitch. 
Pons, pontis, m. a bridge, 
Pontus, i, m. sea, 
Populus, i, m. a people. 
Porous, i, m. a pig; a hog. 
Porta, ae, f. a gate. 
Portendo, ere, di, turn, a. to 

foretell; to forebode. 
Porto, are, avi, atum, a. to 

carry; to convey; to bear. 
Portus, us, f. a harbor. 
Posco, ere, poposci, a. to a^k; to 

demand. 
Possessio, onis, f. (possideo,) 

a possession. 
Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. to 

be able; I can. 
Post, prep, after. 
Post, adv. after; afterwards. 
Postea, adv. (post & is,) after- 
wards. 
Posterus, a, urn, adj. posterior, 

postremus, or postumus,^/- 

lowing; next. 
Postquam, adv. & conj. (post 

& quam,) after. 
Postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 

posterus,) the last: ad postre- 

mum, at last. 
Postridie, adv. the day after. 
Postulo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

ask; to demand. 



220 



POTENS PRIDIE. 



Potens, entis, adj. potent; power- 
ful 
Potentia, ae, f.povjer. 
Potestas, atis, f. (ipotis,) power; 

dominion; opportunity. 
Potio, onis, f. (poto,) drink. 
Potior, us, oris adj. better. 
Potius, adv. rather. 
Prae, prep, before; for; more 

than. 
Praebeo, ere, ui, a. (prae & ha- 

beo,) to afford; to furnish; to 

give. 
Praeceps, cipitis, adj. (prae & 

caput,) headlong; swift; ra- 
pid. 
Praeceptor, oris, m. a preceptor; 

a master. 
Praeceptum, i, n. a precept; a 

command. 
Praecipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. 

(prae & capio,) to take before; 

to command. 
Praecipuus,adj . especial ;particu- 

lar. 
Praecipue, adv. especially. 
Praeclarus, a, um, adj. (prae & 

clarus,) celebrated; honora- 
ble. 
Praecordia, orum, pi. n. (prae & 

cor. )the midriff or diaphragm. 
Praedico, are, avi, atum, a. to 

boast. 
Praedico, ere, ixi, ictum, a. to 

foretell. 
Praedl'tus, a, um, did], furnished 

with; endowed. 
Prasdium, i, n. a farm. 
Praedo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

plunder. 
Praefectus, i, m. an overseer; 

any chief officer; a major. 
Praeficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. 

(prae & facio,) to set over. 
Praelectio, onis, f. a lesson. 
Praelium, or proelium,n. a battle. 



Praemitto, Sre, misi, missum, a. 

(prae & mitto,) to send for- 
ward. 
Praemium, i, n. a reward. 
Praepono, ere, osui, ositum, a. 

to set before; to propose. 
Praesens, tis, adj. (praesum,) 

present. 
Praesertim, adv. especially. 
Praeses, idis, c. one that presides; 

m. president. 
Praesidium, i, n. (praeses,) a de- 
fence; a protection. 
Praestans, an tis, adj. excellent. 
Praesto, are, iti, itum, n. to ex- 

eel. 
Praesum, esse, fui, n. irr. (prae 

& sum,) to preside over; to 

have the charge of 
Praeter, prep, except; contrary 

to. 
Praetereo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. n. 

(praeter & eo,) to pass; to 

pass by. 
Praeteritus, a, um, part, (prae- 
tereo,) past. 
Praeterquam, adv. (praeter & 

quam,) except. 
Praevideo, ere, di, sum, a. to 

foresee. 
Prandeo, ere, di, sum, n. to 

dine. 
Prandium, i, n. dinner. 
Pratum, \,n. a meadow. 
Pravus, a, um, adj. depraved. 
Pre cor, ari, atus sum, dep, 

(prex,) to pray; to entreat. 
Prehendo, ere, di, sum, a. to 

take; to catch. 
Pre mo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 

to press; to straiten. 
Pretiosus, a, um, 2idj. precious. 
Pretium, i, n, a price: a value; 

pay. 
Priamus, i, m. Priam. 
Pridie, adv. the day before 



PRIMO PROVINCIA. 



221 



Primo, adv. at first, 
Primum, dAv. first: from 
Primus, a, urn, adj. (comp. of 

prior,) first. 
Princeps, ipis, m. & f. aprince; 

a ruler; a governor; a chief. 
Princetonia, ae, f. Princeton. 
Pfincipium, i, n. (princeps,) a 



Prior, oris, did}, fijrmer; first. 

Pristinus, a, iim, did], former. 

Priusquam,adv.(prius &quam,) 
before; before that. 

Privo, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
prive. 

Pro, prep, before; for; in the 
place of. 

Pro, or Proh, int. O! 

Proavus, i, m. a fore-father; a 
great-grand-father. 

Probe, adv. (probus.) well. 

Probo, are, avi, atum, a. to try. 

Proboscis, idis, f. proboscis; 
trunk. 

Probus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
honest; upright. 

Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. 
(pro & cedo,) to advance; to 
go forth. 

Procella, aB, f. a storm; a tem- 
pest. 

Procul, adv. far; far off. 

Prodigium, i, n. a prodigy. 

Prodigus, a, um, adj. profuse; 
lavish. 

Proditio, onis, f. treason. 

Proditor, oris, m. a traitor. 

Prodo, 6re, didi, ditum, a. (pro 
& do,) to make known; to dis- 
close. 

Produco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. 
to produce. 

Profectus, a, um, part, (profi- 
ciscor.) 

Proficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. to 
profit, ^g. 



Proficiscor, i, fectus sum, dep. 

(pro &. facio,) to set out; to 

depart. 
Proliuens, entis, adj. fluent; 



Profluo, ere, uxi, uxum, n. to 

flow from. 
Profundus, a, um, adj. deep; 

profound. 
Prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. to 

stop; to prohibit. 
Promitto, ere, isi, issum, a. 

(pro & mitto,) to promise. 
Promptus, a, um, adj. ready^ 

prompt. 
Pronuncio, are, avi, atum, a. to 

pronounce; to say. 
Pronus, a, um, Sid^. prone; bow- 
ing down. 
Prope, adv. comp. propius, sup. 

proxime, near; nearly ;almost. 
Prope, prep. near. 
Propero, are, avi, atum, n. to 

hasten. 
Propitius, a, um, a.dj. favorable; 

propitious. 
Propono, ere, posui, posltum, a 

(pro & pono,) to offer; to 

propose. 
Propter, prep, for; on account 

of 
Propugnaculum, i, n. a fort; a 

defence. 
Prorsus, adv. altogether. 
Prosper, a, um, adj. ior, eni- 

mus, lucky; fortunate. 
Prosp&re, ?idy. prosperously ;welL 
Prospicio, ere. exi, ectum, a. to 

lookout; to provide for. 
Prosum, desse, fui, irr, n. (pro 

& sum,) to profit. 
Providentia, ae, f. foresight; pro- 
vidence: from 
Provideo, ere, vidi, visum, a 

(pro & video,) to foresee, 
Provincia, ae, f. a province 



222 



PROXIMUS QUI. 



Proximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of 
propior,) nearest; next; last. 

Prudens, tis, adj. learned; skill- 
ful; prudent. 

Prudenter, adv. prudently. 

Prudentia, se, f. prudence. 

Pmina, as, f. frost. 

Pruinosus, a, um, adj. /ros/y. 

Ptolemaeus, i, m. Ptolemy. 

Pubertas, atis, f. puberty. 

Publicus, a, um, did], public. 

Publius, i, m. Publius, a Roman 
prcenomen. 

Pudet, uit, imp. it shames: me 
pudet, 1 am ashamed. 

Pudor, oris, m. (pudeo,) shame; 
modesty. 

Puella, ae, f. a girl. 

Puer, ri, m. a boy; a child. 

Pui^na, ae, f. a battle. 

Pugnatur, v. imp. it is fought. 

Pugnax, acis, adj. (pugna,) 
pugnacious; fighting. 

Pugno, are, avi, atum, n. (pug- 
na,) to fight. 

Pulaskius, i, m. Pulaski. 

Puicher, chra, chrum. adj. ior, 
rimus, beautiful. 

Pulchritudo, inis, f. (puicher,) 
beauty. 

Pulvis, eris, m. & f. dust; pow- 
der. 

Punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to pun- 
ish. 

Purgo, are, avi, atum, a to 
purify; to clear; to Justify. 

Purus, a, um, adj. pure. 

Puteus, i, m. a well; a pit. 

Putnamius, i, m. Putnam. 

Puto, are, avi, atum, a. to sup- 
pose; to esteem. 

Pulresco, ere, putrui, n. to pu- 
trefy. 

Pyramis, idis, f. a pyramid. 

Pythagoras, ae, m. Pythago- 
ras. 



Q., an abbreviation of Quintus. 
Quadragesimus, a, um, adj. 

fortieth. 
Quadraginta, adj. indecl. forty. 
Quadriga, ae, f. (quatuor & ju- 

gum,) a four -horse chariot. 
Quadringentesimus, a, um, adj. 

four hundredth. 
Quadringenti, ae, a, adj. four 

hundred. 
Quadrupes, idis,adj. (quatuor & 

pes,) four footed: subs.m. f.& 

n. a quadruped. 
Quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, 

a. to seek; to aim at. 
Quaeso, v. dep. I pray. 
Quaestus, us, m. gain. 
Qualis, e, adj. of what kind. 
Quam, adv. & conj. how; how 

much; as: after comparatives, 

than; with superlatives, very. 

Quamobrem, adv. (qui, ob, & 

res,) wherefore; for which 

cause. 

Quam vis, conj. (quam &volo,) 

although. 
Quantopere, adv. (quantus & 

opus,) how much. 
Quantum, adv. how much. 
Quantus, a, um, O-dj. how great; 

how much, tantus — quantus, 

so much — as. 
Quare, adv. (quis & res), where- 
fore. 
Quartus, a, um, B,d}. fourth. 
Quasi, conj. as if. 
Quater, adv. (quatuor,) four 

times. 
Que, enclitic conj. and. 
Quercus, us, f. an oak. 
Queror, queri, questus sum, 

dep. to complain. 
Qui, quae, quod, pro. who; 

which; what. 



QUI RECURRO. 



223 



Qui, adv. how. 

Quia, conj . because. 

Quicunque, aecunque, odcun- 
que, pron. whoever; which- 
ever. 

Quidam, qusgdam, quoddara & 
quiddam, pro. a certain; a 
sort of. 

Quidem, conj. indeed; certain- 
ly. 

Quies, etis, f. rest; sleep. 

Quiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. to 
rest. 

Quietus, a, um, adj. tranquil; 
quiet. 

Quin, conj . nay; nay even; that 
not. 

Quingenti, as, a, did}, five hun- 
dred. 

Quinquagesimus, a, um, adj. 
fiftieth. 

Quinquaginta, adj. decl. fifty. 

Quinque, num. adj. ind. five. 

Quintus, i, m. Quintus. 

Quippe, conj. as; inasmuch. 

Quis, quae, quod, v. quid, pro. 
who; which; what; any one. 

Quisnam, quagnam, quodnam or 
quidnam, pro. (quis & nam,) 
who? which? what? 

Quisque, quaeque, quodque & 
quidque, pro. (quis & que,) 
each; every one. 

Qui vis, quae vis, quod vis & quid- 
vis, pro. (qui & volo,) 
every. 

Quo, adv. & conj. that; whith- 
er. 

Quod, conj. (qui,) that; be- 
catise. 

Quomodo, adv. how; m what 
manner. 

Quondam, Sidv. formerly. 

Quoniam, conj. (quum &nam,) 
since; as. 

Qtioque, conj. also. 



Quotidie, adv. (quot & dies,) 

daily. 
Quum, or Cum, conj. when. 

R. 

Racemus, i, m. a bough; a clus- 
ter. 

Radius, i, m. a ray. 

Raikes, is, m. Raikes, an En- 
glish philanthropist. 

Ramosus, a, um, adj. (ramus,) 
branching. 

Ramus, i, m. a bough. 

Ran a, ae, f. a frog. 

Randolphius, e, m. Randolph. 

Rapax, acis, adj. rapacious. 

Rapidus, a, um, adj. rapid; 
swift. 

Rapina, ag, f. rapine. 

Rapio, ere, ui, tum, a. to plun- 
der; to hurry. 

Rarus, a, um, adj. rare. 

Ratio, onis, f. (reor,) reason; 
means; an expedient. 

Recedo, ere, ssi, ssum, n. (re 
& cedo,) to retire. 

Recens, entis, adj. recent; mod- 
ern. 

Recenseo, ere, ui, itum, a. (re 
& censeo,) to review; to mus- 
ter. 

Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 
(re & capio,) to take back; to 
receive; to recover, 

Recondo, ere, didi, ditum, a. 
(re & condo,) to lay up; to 
hide. 

Recordor, ari, atus sum, dep. to 
recollect; to consider. 

Recte, adv. (rectus,) rightly; 
properly. 

Rectus, a, um, adj. (rego,) 
right; straight; erect. 

Recurro, 6re, i, sum, n. to re- 
turn; to recur. 



224 



REDDO REVOCO. 



Reddo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (re 
& do.) ^0 deliver; to restore. 

Kedeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. (re 
& eo,) to return. 

Redigo, 6re, egi, actum, a, (re 
& ago,) to reduce. 

Eedimio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to 
crown. 

Reduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (re & 
duco,) to lead back; to re- 
store. 

Reedius, i, m. Reed. 

Eefero, ferre, tilli, latum, a. 
(re & fero,) to bring back; to 
restore . 

llefert, retulit, imp. (refero,) it 
concerns. 

Kefertus, a, um, adj. (refercio,) 
fall. 

Refugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, a. 
(re & fugio,) to flee back; to 
retreat. 

Regina, se, f. a queen. 

Regio, onis, f. (rego,) a re- 
gion; a distnct; a territory; a 
count'i-y. 

Regis, &c. See Rex. 

Regius, a, um, adj. (rex,) re- 
gal; princely. 

Regnator, oris, m. a ruler. 

Regno, are, avi, atum, a. to 
reign; to rule: from 

Regnum, i, n. (rex,) a king- 
dom. 

Rego, ere, rexi, rectum, a. to 
reign; to I'ule; to guide. 

Regredior, i, essus sum, dep. 
(re &L gradior,) to return. 

Regulus, i, m. Regulus. 

Religio, onis, f. religion. 

Relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, a. 
(re & linquo,) to leave; to 
abandon. 

Remaneo, ere, si, sum, n. (re 
&, maneo,) to stay; to remain. 

Reminiscor, i, dep. to remember. 



Remitto, ere, misi, missum, a. 

(re & mitto,) to send back. 
Remunero, are, avi, atum, a. 

to reward. 
Remus, i, m. an oar. 
Renovo, are, avi, atum, a. to 

renew. 
Repaio, are, avi, atum, a. to 

repair. 
Repente, adv. (repens,) sud- 
denly. 
Reperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. 

(re & pario,) to find. 
Repeto,ere, ivi, itum, a. to seek; 

to demand. 
Repetundae, arum, f. pi. extor- 
tion. 
Repleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to fill; 

replenish. 
Repono, ere, sui, situm, a. (re 

& pono,)/o replace; to restore. 
Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. 

(re & prehendo,) to censure. 
Requiesco, ere, evi, etum, n. to 

rest. 
Res, rei, f. a thing; an affair; 

an event; property. 
Resisto, ere, stiti, n. (re & sis- 

to,) to resist; to oppose. 
Respondeo, ere, spondi, spon- 

sum, a. (re & spondeo, to 

answer. 
Respublica, (res & publicus) f. 

a state. 
Restituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (re 

& statuo,) to restore. 
Resulto, are, avi, atum, n. to 

rebound; to result. 
Retineo, ere, ui, entum, a. (re 

& teneo, ) to retain; to keep. 
Reus, a, um, adj. accused. 
Reverto, ere, verti, versum, (re 

& verto,) n. &- Revertor, i, 

sus sum, dep. to return. 
Rev5co, are, avi, atum, a. (re & 

voco,) to recall. 



REX SARDANAPALUS. 



225 



Rex, regis, m. a king. 
Rhenus, i, m . the river Rhine 
Khodanus, i, m. the river Rhone. 
Rhodos, & us, i, f. Rhodes. 
Ricardus, i, m. Richard. 
Rideo, ere, isi, risum, a. n. to 

deride; to laugh. 
Rivus, i, m. a rivulet. 
Rixa, se. f. a quarrel. 
Roanokiensis, adj. of Roanoke. 
Robertas, i, ra. Robert. 
Robur, oris, n. strength. 
Rogenis, i, m. Roger. 
Rogo, are, avi, atum, a. to ask; 

to request. 
Roma, 86, f. Rome, the chief 

city of Italy. 
Roman us, a, um, adj. (Roma,) 

Roman. 
Romulus, i, m. Romulus, the 

founder of Rome. 
Roresco, ere, n. to shed dew. 
Ros, oris, m. dew. 
Rosa, 8e, f. a rose. 
Rosanna, se, f. Rosanna, 
Rossius, i, m. Ross. 
Rostrum, i, n. a bill; a beak. 
Rota, ae, f. a wheel. 
Ruber,ra,rum, adj. red; reddish. 
Rubicon, onis, m. the Rubicon. 
Ruina, ae, f. ruin. 
Rumor, oris, m. a rumor. 
Rumpo, 6re, rupi, ruptum, a. 

to break. 
Ruo, ere, i, tum, n. to rush. 
Rupes, is, f. a rock. 
Rursus, & Rursum, adv. again; 

a second time. 
Rus, ruris, n. the countiy. 
Rustic us, i, m. (rus,) a country- 
man. 

S. 

Sabaeus, i, m. a Sabcean. 
Sabbaticus, a, um, adj. of the 
Sabbath. 



Sabbatum, i, n. the Sabbath. 

Saccus, i, m. a sack; a bag. 

Sacer, era, crum, adj. holy; 
sacred. 

Saeculum, i, n. an age. 

Ssepe, adv. often. 

Saevio, ire,ivi, itum,n./o rage; to 
madden. 

Saevus, a, um, adj. cruel; terri- 
ble. 

Sagitta, ae, f. an arrow. 

Sai'sus, a, um, adj. saltish. 

Saltus, us, m. a lawn; a grove. 

Salus, litis, f. safety ; preserva- 
tion; health. 

Saluto, are,avi,atum, a. (salise,) 
to salute; to greet. 

Salvator, oris, m. Savior. 

Salvus, a, um, adj. safe; well. 

Sampson, onis, m. Sampson. 

Samuel, elis,m. Samuel. 

Sanctifico, are, avi, atum, a. 
(sanctus & fio,) to sanctify; 
to hallow. 

Sanctus, a, um, ?id}. holy; saint. 

Sandrocottus, i, m. Sandrocot- 
tus. 

Sanduskius, i, m. Sandusky. 

Sane adv. (sanus,) certainly; 
truly. 

Sanguis, inis, m. blood. 

Sanus, a, um, adj. sane; healthy; 
well. 

Sapiens, tis, adj. (sapio,) ior, 
issimus, wise. 

Sapienter, adv. (sapiens,) wise- 
ly. 

Sapientia, ae, f. (sapiens,) wis- 
dom. 

Sapio, ire, ivi & ere, ui, n.to be 
wise. 

Sapor, oris, m. taste. 

Sapphirus, f. a saphire; a pre- 
cious stone. 

Sardanapalus, i, m. Sardana- 
palus. 



226 



SARDUS SERYITUS. 



SarduSj i, m. a sard-stone. 

Sat, adv. sufficient. 

Satago, ere, egi, n. to he busy. 

Satiatus, adj. & part, satiated; 
fall. 

Satio, are, avi, atum, a. to sa- 
tiate; to satisfy. 

Satis, adj. & adv. enough; suffi- 
cient. 

Satisfacio, 6re, feci, factum, a. 
(satis & facio,) to satisfy. 

Saxiim, i, n. a rock. 

Scalpelium, i, n. a penknife, 

Scateo, ere, ui, n. to abound. 

Scelus, eris, n. crime. 

Sch-ola se, f. school. 

Scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. 
to tear; to rend. 

Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, a. to 
know; to learn. 

Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. 

Seiscitor, ari, atus sura, dep. 
freq. (scisco,) to ask; to in- 
quire. 

Sclopetarius, a. um, adj. of a 



Scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a. 

to write. 
Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo,) a 

writer. 
Sciilptilis, e, adj. graven; any- 
thing engraved. 
Seco, are, ui, sectum, a. to cut. 
Secundo, adv. a second time: 

from 
Secundus, a, um, num. adj. ior. 

issimus, second; favorable. 
Sed, conj. but. 
Sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. to 

sit: from. 
Sedes, is, f. a seat; a residence; 

a habitation. 
Sediie, is, n. a seat. '\ 
Seges, etis, f. a crop. '^ 
Semel, adv. once. 
Semper, adv. always. 



Sempiternus, a, um, adj. (sem- 
per,) eternal. 

Senator, oris, m. (senex,) a 
senator. 

Senatus,us,m. (senex.) a senate. 

Senectus, titis, f. old age: from 

Senex, senis, adj. old: subs, 
m. & f . an old man; an old 
woman. 

Senior, comp. of senex, older. 

Senium, i, n. old age. 

Sensus, us, m. (sentio,) sense; 
perception. 

Sententia, se, f.an opinion: from 

Sentio, Ire, si, sum, a. to per- 
ceive; to feel. 

Sepelio, ire, sepelivi, or sepelii, 
sepultum, a. to bury. 

Sepio, ire, si, tum, a. to enclose, 
to hedge in. 

Septem, num, adj. ind. seven. 

September, ris, m. September. 

Septimus, a, um, num adj. 
(septem,) the seventh. 

Septingenti, ae, a, num. adj 
seven hundred. 

Septingentesimus, adj. seven 
hundreth. 

Septuagesimus, adj. seventieth. 

Septuaginta, num. adj. ind. 
(septem,) seventy. 

Sepulcrum, i, n, (sepelio,) a 
grave; a tomb. 

Sequor, sequi, sectitus sum, 
dep. to follow. 

Serenus, a, um, adj. clear; 
bright. 

Sermo, onis, m. a speech; a dis- 
course. 
Sero, ere, ui, tum, a. to sow. 
Serpens, entis, d. a serpent. 
Serva, ae, f. a female slave. 
Servio, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, n 

(servus,) to serve. 
Servitus, titis, f. (servus,) ser- 
vitude. 



SERVO SPARGO. 



227 



Servo, are, avi, atum, a. to 
keep; to maintain; to preserve: 
from 

Servus, i, m. a slave; a servant. 

Setosus, a, um, adj. bristly. 

Sex, num. adj. six. 

Sexaginta, indecl. adj. sixty. 

Sexcentesimus, a, um, adj. six 
hundredth. 

Sextus, a, um, adj. sixth. 

Shermannus, i,m. Sherman. 

Si, conj. if. 

Sibi. See SuL 

Sic, adv. so; thus. 

Siccus, a, um, adj. dry. 

Sicilia, ae, f. Sicily. 

Sicut, adv. (sic & ut,) as; like 
as. 

Sidus, eris, n. a star. 

Signator, oris, m. a signer; a 
sealer. 

Significo, are, avi, atum, a. 
(signum & facio,) to signify; 
to express. 

Signo, are, avi, atum, a. (sig- 
num.) to seal; to sign. 

Signum, i, n. a sign; a banner. 

Silanius, i, m. Silanius. 

Simia, se, f. & Simius. i, m. an 
ape. 

Similis, e, adj. like. 

Similiter, adv. (simtlis,) in like 
manner. 

Similitudo, inis, f. (similis,) 
resemblance. 

Simul, adv. together; at the same 
time: simul atque, as soon as. 

Sine, ^rep. without. 

Sinistra, ae, f. the left hand. 

Sino, ere, sivi, situm, a. to per- 
mit; to suffer. 

Sinus, us, m. a bosom. 

Si quis, si qua, si quod or si 
quid, pro. if any; if any per- 
son or thing. 

Siren, enis, f. a peri; a siren. 



Sisto, ere, steti, stitura, a. to 
cease; to stop. 

Situs, part. /rom sino; situated: 
placed; set. 

Smallvoodius, i, m. Smallwood, 
a Major- General in the Revo- 
lution. 

Smaragdus, i, f. an emerald. 

Smithius, i, m. Smith, a colonel 
in the Maryland line. 

Socer, i, m. a father-in-law. 

Societas, atis, f. society. 

Socius, i, m. a companion; an 
ally. 

Socius, a, um, adj. social: do- 
lor socius, sympathy. 

Socrates, is, m. Socrates. 

Sol, solis, m. tlie sun. 

Solarium, i, n. a sun-dial. 

Solatium, i, n. (solor,) a conso- 
lation; a comfort. 

Soleo, ere, itus, sum, n. pass, to 
use; to be accustomed or wmit. 

Solicitudo, inis, f. (solicitus,) 
anxiety; care. 

Solidus, i, m. a shilling. 

Solstitium, i, n. the solstice. 

Solum, adv. (solus, )07ity; alone. 

Solum, i, n. the ground. 

Solus, a, um, adj. alone. 

Solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a. to 
loose; to pay; to free. 

Somnium, i, n. a dream: from 

Somnus, i, m. sleep. 

Sonitus, i, ra. a sound. 

Sopor, oris, m. sleep. 

Sorbeo, ere, ui, sorptum, a. ta 
swallow; absorb. 

Sordeo, ere, ui, n. to appear 
mean. 

Sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordes,) 
mean. 

Soror, or'?, f. a sister. 

Sors, sor^is, f. lot; destiny. 

Spargo, ere, sparsi, sparsum, a. 
to scatter. 



228 



SPATIUM SULCUS. 



Spatium, i, n. space. 
Species, ei, f. appearance; spe- 
cies. 
Specto. are, avi, atum, a. to 

look; to see; to concern; to 

tend. 
Spelunca, ae,f. a cave. 
Sperno, ere, sprevi, sprGtam, a. 

to despise. 
Spero, are, avi, atum, a. to 

hope. 
Spes, ei, f. hope. 
Spheera, se, f. a sphere; a globe. 
Spica, ae, f. an ear of corn. 
Spina, 86, f. a thorn. 
Spiritus, us, m. spirit; breath. 
Spiro, are, avi, atum, n. to 

breathe. 
Splendeo, ere, ui, n. to shine. 
Splendidus, a, um, adj. ior, is- 

sTmus, clear; bright; splendid. 
Splendor, oris, m. splendor. 
Spolio, are, avi, atum, a. (spo- 

Jium,) to plunder. 
Spoliura, i, n. spoil. 
Spondee, ere, spospondi, spon- 

sum, a. to promise. 
Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. f. 

(obsolete spons,) of one's own 

accord. 
Stadium, i, n. a race-course. 
Stanneus, a, um, adj. of tin. 
Starckius, i, m. Star eke. 
Statim, adv. (sto.) immediately. 
Statua, ae, f. a statue. 
Statuo, ere, statui, statutum, a. 

to determine; to resolve. 
Stella, ae, f. a star. 
Sterilis, is, e, adj. sterile; bar- 
ren. 
Sterno, ere, slravi, stratum, a. 

to strew; to prostrate. 
Stimulus, i, m. a sting; stimulus. 
Stipendium, i, n. stipend; pay. 
Stipes, itis, m. the trunk of a 

tree. 



Stirps, stirpis, f, a race. 

Sto, stare, steti, statum, n. to 

stand. 
Stoningtoniensis, adj. of Ston- 

ington. 
Strages, is, f. (sterno, )sZawg^/er. 
Strickerus, i, m. Strieker. 
Strictus, a, um, part, from strin- 

go; drawn. 
Studeo, ere, ui, n. to study; to 

desire. 
Studiosus, a, um, adj. fond; stu- 
dious. 
Studium, i, n. study; interest. 
Suavis, e, adj. ior, isslDius, sweet, 
Suaviter, adv. (suavis,) sweetly. 
Sub, prep, under; beneath; near. 
Subduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub 

& duco,) to lead away; to 

withdraw. 
Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (sub 

& ago,) to subdue. 
Subito adv. suddenly. 
Sublimis, adv. sublime. 
Submarinus, a, um, adj. (sub & 
mare,) submarine; beneath 

the sea. 
Subsidiura, i, n.(subsideo,)7z^Zp; 

assistance; relief; alleviation. 
Subter, prep, under; beneath. 
Subveho, ere, exi, ectum, a. to 

carry. 
Succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. 

(sub & cedo,) to succeed; to 

approach. 
Successus, us, m. success. 
Succido, ere, di, sum, a. to ait 

down. 
Succosus, a, um, adj. Juicy. 
Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. 

(sub &- curro,) to succor; to 

aid. 
Sudor, oris, m. sweat. 
Sui, pro. of himself; of herself; 

of themselves. 
Sulcus, i, m. a furrow. 



SULLIVANUS TEMPESTAS. 



229 



SuUivanus, i, in. Sullivan. 

Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be; to 
belong to. 

Summus, a, um, (sup. of sup6- 
rus,) highest; supreme; great- 
est; ad summum, at the most. 

Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
a. to take; to take up; to un- 
dertake. 

Sumterus, i, m. Sumter. 

Supellex, lectilis, f. household 
goods; furniture. 

Super, prep, over; upon; beyond. 

Superbia, ae, f. pride: from 

Superbus, a, um, adj. proud: 
(Tarquinius,) the Proud. 

Superficies, ei, f. surface. 

Supero, are, avi, atum, a. (su- 
per,) to surpass; to excel; to 
overcome. 

Supgrus, a, um, adj. high; great. 

Supplicium, i, n. punishment. 

Supra, adv. (superus,) above; 
beyond. 

Surdus, a ,um, adj. deaf. 

Supremus, a, um, adj. supreme. 

Surgo, gr6, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. & a. (sub. & rego,) to rise; 
to raise. 

Suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. 
(sub & capio,) to undertake; 
to commence, 

Suspendo, ere, di, sum, a. (sub 
& pendo,) to hang. 

Suspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. to 



Suspicio, onis, f. suspicion. 
Sustineo, ere ui, entum, a. to 

sustain. 
Sutor, oris, m. a shoemaker. 
Suus, a, um, pro. his; hers; its; 

their. 
Sybilla, se, f. a &ybiL 
Sylva, se, f. a wood; forest. 
Symposion, 1, n. a feast. 
Syracusas, arum, f. pi. Syracuse. 
20 



Syracusanus, adj. of Syracuse, 

T. 

T., an abbreviation o/ Titus. 
Tabeilarius, i, m. a courier. 
Tabula, ae, f. a table; a tablet; a 

painting. 
Taceo, ere, ui, itum, n. to be 



Tacitus, a, um, part. & adj. 
(taceo,) silent. 

Tactus, us, m. touch. 

Talentum, i, n. a talent. 

Talpa, se, f. a mole. 

Tam, adv. so. 

Tamdiu, adv. so long. 

Tamen, conj. yet; nevertheless. 

Tampa, ae, f. Tampa, a bay in 
Florida. 

Tandem, adv. at length; finally . 

Tango, ere, tet%i, tactum, a. to - 
touch. 

Tanquam, adv. (tam & quam,) 
as if. 

Tantopere,adv.(tantus Scopus,) 
so much. 

Tantum, adv. only: from 

Tantus, a um, adj. so great; so 
much. 

Tarditas, atis f. slovmess; tardi- - 
ness. 

Tarquinius, i, m. Tarquin. 

Taurus, i, m. a bull. 

Tectum, i, n. a house; a cover- 
ing; a roof 

Tecum. See Tu, and Cum. 

Tecumsaeus, i, m. Tecumseh. 

Tego,ere,texi,tectum,a to cover, 

Tegula, se, f. a tile. 

Telemachus, i, m. Telemachus. 

Temere adv. rashly, 

Temeritas, atis, f. rashness; te- 
merity. 

Tempestas. atis, f. a storm; a 
tempest. 



230 



TEMPORA TRADITUS. 



Tempora, n. pi. the temples. 

Templum, i, n. a temple. 

Tempus, oiis, n. time; season. 

Tenchius, i, m. Tench, a man's 
name. 

Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum, a. 
to direct; to wield. 

Tenebrse, arum, f. darkness. 

Tenebresco, ere,ebrui, n.(tene- 
brse,) to darken; to become 
dark. 

Tenedos, i, f. Tenedos. 

Teneo, ere, tenui, tentum, a. to 
hold; to detain. 

Tener, era, um, adj. tender. 

Tentatio, onis, f. temptation. 

Tento, are, avi, atum, a freq. 
(teneo,) to attempt. 

Tenuis, is, e, adj. thin; light; 
small. 

Tenus, prep, tip to. 

Tepidus, a, um, adj. warm; te- 
pid. 

Ter, adv. thrice; three times. 

Tero, ere, trivi, tritum, a. to 
wear; to waste. 

Terra, se, f. the earth; a country; 
a land. 

Terreo, ere,ui,itum, a. to fright- 
en; to terrify. 

Terrestris, is, e, adj. terrestrial. 

Terrigenus, a, um, adj. (terra 
& genus,) earthbom. 

Tertius, a, um, num. ad.(tres,) 
third. 

Testa, ae, f. a shell. 

Testimonium, i, n. testimony; 
proof. 

Testis, is, c. a witness; evidence. 

Texas ae, f. Texas. 

Thalamipolis, is, f. Chambers- 
burg. 

Thalerus, i, m. a dollar. 

Thamesis, is, m. the Thames. 

Theatrum, i, n. a theatre. 

Thebae, arum, f. pi. Thebes. 



Theophrastus, i, m. Theophras- 
tus, a Grecian philosopher. 

Thermopylae, arum, f. pi. Ther- 
mopyloe. 

Thesaurus, i, m. a treasure. 

Thessalonica, ae, f.Thessalonica. 

Thessalonice,es, f. Thessalonice. 

Thomas, ae, m. Thomas. ^. 

Thus, uris, m. frankincense. 

Thymus, i, m. thyme. 

Tiberis, is, m. the Tiber; a river. 

Tibur, uris, m. Tibur. 

Tilghmanus, i, m, Tilghman. 

Timeo, ere, ui, a. & n. to fear 

Timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo,) 
timorous; fearful. 

Timor, oris, m. (timeo,) fear; 
apprehension. 

Tingo, 6re, nxi, nctum, a. to 
stain; to tinge; to dye. 

Tintinnabtilum, i, n. a bell. 

Titubo, are, avi, atum, n. to 
stumble. 

Toga, ae, f. a gown; a robe; a 
coat. 

Tolero, are, avi, atum, a. to en- 
dure; to sustain. 

Tollo, ere, tolli, a. to take away. 

Tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsum, 
a. to shear; to shave. 

Tonitru, u, n. thunder. 

Tormentarius, a, um, adj. of a 
cannon. 

Tormentum, i, n. torture; tor- 
Tuent; a cannon. 

Torquatus, i, m. Torquatus. 

Torreo,ere,ui,tostum,a. to roast. 

Tortilis, is, e, adj. curling; tor- 
tuous. 

Torus, i, m. a bed; a couch. 

Torvus, a, um,adj.^ri772; savage, 

Totidem, num. adj. ind.as many. 

Totus, a, um, adj. all; the whole. 

Traditor, oris, m. a traitor. 

Traditus, a,um,part./ro7?i trado; 

I delivered; surrendered. 



TRADO UNA. 



231 



Trado, 6re, didi, ditum, a. (trans 

& do,) to commit; to consign. 
Trajanus. i, m. Trajanus. 
Trajicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. 

(trans & jacio,) to pass over. 
Trans, prep, over; beyond. 
Transduce, ere, duxi, ductum, 

a. to lead over. 
Transeo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. a. 

(trans & eo,) to pass over. 
Transfero, ferre, tiili. latum,irr. 

a. (transfero,) to transfer; to 

carry; to transport. 
Tranfigo, ere, fixi, fixum, a. to 

transfix; to pierce, 
Transitus, us, m. passage; pas- 
sing over. 
Transmitto, ere, misi, missum, 

a. to transmit; to send over. 
Trecentesimus,a, um,adj. three- 
hundredth. 
Tremo, ere, ui, n. to tremble; to 

shake. 
Trentonia, se, f. Trenton inNew 

Jersey. 
Tres, tria, num. adj. three. 
Tribunus, i, m. a tribune; a 

colonel. 
Triennium, i, n. (tres & annus,) 

three years, 
Trigesimus, a,um, adj. thirtieth. 
Triginta, num. adj. ind. (tres,) 

thirty. 
Tristis, e, adj. ior, issimus, sad; 

dejected. 
TritTcum, i, n. wheat. 
Triumpho, are, avi, atum, n. to 

triumph. 
Triumphus, i, m. a triumph. 
Triumviri,6rum,ra.plirmm?;irs. 
Troja, se, f. Troy, Asia Minor. 
Trojanus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 
Trucido, are, avi, atum, a. to 

slay. 
Truncus, i, m. a trunk; the body 

of a tree. 



Tu, tui, pro. thou; you. 

Tuba, ae, f. a trumpet. 

Tubicen, inis, m.(tuba & cano,) 
a trumpeter. 

Tuli See Fero. 

Turn, adv. then: tum temp5ris, 
at that time. 

TumultuSjUS, m. a tumult. 

Tunc, adv. then. 

Turba, ae, f. a multitude; a reti- 
nue. 

Turdus, i, m. a thrush. 

Turpis, is, e, adj. base; mean. 

Turris, is, f. a tower. 

Tute, pro. intensve for tu ipse; 
thou thyself. 

Tuto, are, avi, atum, a. (tutus,) 
to defend; to protect. 

Tutus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
safe. 

Tuus, a, um, pro. (tu,) thy; 
your. 

Typographia, ae, i. printing; ty- 
pography.^ 

Typographicus, a, um, adj. of 
printing; tijpographical. 

Tyrannis, idis, f. tyranny. 

Tyrannus, i, m. a tyrant. 

U. 

(Jber, eris, adj. fertile; abund- 
ant. 

Ubertas, atis, f. (uber,) fruitful- 
ness; abundance; plenty. 

Ubi, adv. when; where, 

Ubinam, adv. (ubi & nam,) 
where? in what place? 

Ubique, adv. every where. 

Ultimo, adv. lastly; last; at last. 

Ultimus, a, um, adj. last; final, 

UUus, a, um, adj. any. 

Umbra, ae, f. a shade; a shadow. 

Umbraculum, i, n. a shadow. 

Una, adv. together; at the same 
time. 



232 



UNDA VENERATIO. 



Unda, ae, f. a wave; water. 

Unde, adv^. whence; from which. 

Undecim,num, adj. ind.(unus & 
decern,) eleven. 

Uni versus, a, um, adj. (unas & 
versus,) all; whole. 

Unquam, adv. ever; at any time. 

LTnus, a, um, adj. one; one only; 
alone. 

Unusquisque, unaquaeque, un- 
umquodque, pro. each. 

Urbs, is, a city. 

Urna, ae, f. an urn; a water ves- 
sel. 

LFrsus, i, m. a bear. 

Urus, i, m. a buffalo. 

Usque, adv. even; even to; as 
far as. 

Usus, ^s, m. (utor,) use. 

\Jt, conj. &adv. that; as; as to; 
when; as soon as; how: ut qui, 
inasmuch as he. 

[Iter, utra, utrum, adj. which; 
which of the two. 

Uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
adj. (uter & que,) both; each. 

Utilis, e, adj. useful; from 

Utilitas, atis, f. utility; advan- 
tage. 

Utinam adv. oh that! 1 wish. 

Utor, uti, usus sum, dep. to use; 
to exert; to make use of. 

Utrimque, adv. on both sides. 

Uva, ae, f. a cluster of grapes. 

Uxor, oris, f. a wife. 



Vacca, ae, f. a cow 

Vaco, are, avi, atum, n. to be 

free from; to be destitute of. 
Vacuus, a,um, adj. (vaco,) void; 

free. 
Vado, ere, vasi, vasum, n.togo. 
Vae! jnterj. woe! alas! 
Vagor,ari,atus sum,n./o wander. 



Valde, adv. greatly; exceedingly. 

Valeo, ere, ui, n. to be well. 

Valerianus, i, m. Valenan. 

Validus, a, um, didi]. valid; firm. 

Vallis, is, f. a vale; a valley. 

Vandal icus, a, um, adj. Vanda- 
lie; like a Vandal. 

Vanitas, atis, f. (vanus.) empti- 
ness; vanity. 

Vanus, a, um, adj. vain; fruit- 
less. 

Vapor, oris, m. vapor; smoke, 

Varietas. atis, f. (varius,) va- 
riety. 

Varius, i. m. Varius, a Roman. 

Varius, a, um, adj. various. 

Varrenius, i, m. Warren, an 
American general. 

Vashingtonia, ae, f. Washing- 
ton, metropolis of U. S. 

Vashingtonius, i, m. Washing- 
ton. 

Vastator, oris, m. destroyer; de- 
vastator. 

Vasto, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
stroy; to lay waste. 

Vastus, a, um, adj, large; vast, 

Vasum, i, n. a vessel. 

Vaynius, i,m.Wayne,an Ameri^ 
can general. 

Ve, conj, enclitic, or. 

Vectis, is, m. a lever. 

Vehementer, adv. (veh6mens,) 
vehemently; extremely. 

Veho, ere, xi, ctum, a. to carry; 
to convey. 

Vellius, i, m. Wells, one of the 
youths who slew Genl. Ross. 

Velocitas, atis, f. swiftness; ve- 
locity. 

Velox, ocis, adj. swift. 

Venator, oris, m. (venor,) a 
hunter. 

Vendo,ere, dtdi, ditum,a./o sell, 

Veneratio, onis, f. reverence; 
veneration. 



VENERO VINDTCO. 



233 



Venero & or, ari, atus, sum, a. 
&dep. to reverence; to re- 



Venia, ae, f. pardon; forgive- 
ness. 

Venio, ire, veni, ventum, n. to 
come. 

Venitum, veniebatur, ventum 
est, imp. it is come. 

Venor ari, atus sum, dep. to 
hunt. 

Venter, ris, m. the belly. 

Ventus, i, m. the wind. 

Venus, eris, f. the goddess of 
beauty. 

Ver, veris, n. spring. 

Verax, acis,adj .veracious; truth- 
telling. 

Verbosus, a, um, adj. (verbum,) 
wordy; verbal. 

Verbum, i, n. a word. 

Veritas, atis, f. (verus,) truth. 

Vernonius, i, m. Vernon. 

Vernus, a, um, adj. (ver,) ver- 
nal; spring. 

Vero, conj. (verus,) but. 

Verres, is, m. Verres, a Roman 
prcetor. 

Versor, ari, atus, sum, dep. to 
be in; to be versant with. 

Versus, us, m. verse; a turning. 

Verto, ere,vers i,versum, a.&n. 
to turn. 

Veru, u, n. a spit to roast meat 
on. 

Verum, i, n. truth; from 

Verus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
true; real. 

Vescor, vesci, dep. to eat; to 
subsist upon. 

Vestalis, is, f. a nun; a vestal. 

Vester, tra, trum, pro. (vos,) 
your. 

Vestigium, i, n. a track; trace. 

Vestimentum, i, n. clothing; a 
garment. 

20* 



Vestio, ire, ivi,itum, a./o clothe. 

Vestis, is, f. a garment; dress. 

Vestitus, us, m. clothing; cover- 
ing. 

Veteranus, a, um, adj. (vetus,) 
veteran; old. 

Vetus, eris, adj. old; ancient. 

Vetustas, atis, f. antiquity. 

Vetustus, a, um, adj. ancient; 
old. 

Via, se, f. a road; a street. 

Viator, oris, m. (via,) a travel- 
ler. 

Vicissim, adv. in turns. 

Vicinus, a, um, adj. near; adja- 
cent. 

Victor, oris, m. conquer er. 

Victoria, se, f. victory; Victoria. 

Victus, a, um, part, (vinco.) 

Victus, us, ra. food; victuals. 

Video, ere, vidi, visum, a. to 
see. 

Videor, eri, visus sum, pass 
(video,) to seem. 

Viduus, a, um, adj. widowed; 
deprived of. 

Vigeo, ere, ui, n. to flourish. 

Vigilantia, ae, f. (vigilans,) vigi- 
lance; watchfulness. 

Vigilo, are, avi, atum, a. (vi- 
gil,) to watch. 

Viginti, num, adj. ind. twenty. 

Vilis, is, e, adj. vile; cheap; 
worthless. 

Villa, 8e,f. a villa; a farm-house; 
a cottage. 

Villiamius, i, m. Williams, an 
American general. 

Vincio, ire, inxi, inctum, a. to 
bind; to tie. 

Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. to 
conquer; to overcome. 

Vinculum, i, n. (vinco,) a bond; 
a fetter. 

Vindico, are, avi, atum, a. to 
claim; to arrogate. 



234 



VINUM ZEPHYRUS. 



Vinum, i, n. wine. 

Vipereus, a, um, adj. ofaviper. 

Vir, viri, m. a man; a husband. 

Vireo, ere, ui, n. to be green. 

Vires, ium, f. pi. See Vis. 

Virga, ag, f. a rod. 

Virgilius, i, m. Virgil. 

Virginia, se, f. Virginia. 

Virginiensis,is,e,adj . Virginian. 

Vir^o, inis, f. a virgin; a maid. 

Viridis,is,e, adj. green; flourish- 
ing. 

Virtius, i, m. Wirt, an Ameri- 
can orator. 

Virtus,utis,f.(vir,)nr/ife; merit; 
valor. 

Vis, vis, f. (pi. vires,) fcrrce; 
strength; violence. 

Viscus, eris, d. the bowels. 

Visito, are, avi, atum, a. to visit. 

Visus, us, m. sight; seeing. 

Vita, ae, f. life. 

Vitellius, i, m. Vitellius. 

Vitiosus, a, urn, adj. (vitium,) 
vicious; wicked. 

Vitis, is, f. a vine. 

Vitium, i, n. vice. 

Vito, are, avi, atum, a. to avoid. 

Vitrum, i, n. glass. 

Vitta, ae, f. a fillet. 

Vitupero, are, avi, atum, a. to 
blame; to condemn. 

Vivo, ere,vixi,victum, n. to live; 
to reside; to be. 



Vix, adv. scarcely. 

Voco, are, avi, atum, a. to call, 

Volatus, us, m. flight: from 

Volo, are, avi, atum, n. to fly. 

Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. to 
wish; to purpose; to be willing, 

Volucer, cris, is, ere, adj. (volo, 
are,) winged: subs, volucres, 
um, f. pi. birds. 

Voluntas, atis, f. will; wish; de- 
sire. 

Voluptas, atis, f. pleasure, 

Voro, are, avi, atum, a. to de- 
vour. 

Vortex, icis, m. a whirlpool. 

Vox, vocis, f. a voice. 

Vulgus, i, n. & m. the vulgar, 

Vulnero, are, avi, atum, a. 
(vulnus,) to wound. 

Vulnus, eris, n. a wound. 

Vulpes, is, f. afl)x. 

Vultus, u, m, a countenance. 



Xerxes, 13, m. Xerxes, 

Z. 

Zelotes, ae, m. a Zealot. 
Zeno, onis, m. Zeno, a Grecian 

philosopher, 
Zephyrus, iym,the west-wind. 



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